A coordinated analysis of variance in affect in daily life
Open accessAbstract
Despite widespread interest in variance in affect, basic questions remain pertaining to the relative proportions of between-person and within-person variance, the contribution of days and moments, and the reliability of these estimates. We addressed these questions by decomposing negative affect and positive affect variance across three levels (person, day, moment), and calculating reliability using a coordinated analysis of seven daily diary, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), and diary-EMA hybrid studies (across studies age = 18-84 years, total N persons = 2,103, total N observations = 45,065). Across studies, within-person variance was sizeable (negative affect: 45% to 66%, positive affect: 25% to 74%); in EMA more within-person variance was attributable to momentary rather than daily level. Reliability was adequate to high at all levels of analysis (within-person: .73-.91; between-person: .96-1.00) despite different items and designs. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of future intensive studies of affect variance.
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The affect items were derived from previous personalized sensing studies and a review of affect measurement in previous EMA studies to increase comparability with existing literature.
“We derived these affect items from previous personalized sensing studies [which used the circumplex model of emotion as basis; (69, 70)] and a review of affect measurement in previous EMA studies (71), to increase the comparability with existing literature.”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
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“Affective indices examined in intensive longitudinal design studies within the community population suggest, in general, NA varies over time while PA remains relatively stable (Scott et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUltra-brief Assessment of Working Memory Capacity: Ambulatory Assessment Study Using Smartphones
Hakun, J. G., Roque, N. A., Gerver, C. R., & Cerino, E. S. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/40188 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Decision studies (“D-study”), that is, estimation of reliability at between- and within-person levels, were conducted using formulas described in detail by Cranford et al [35] (Equations 4 and 5; also see Scott et al [39]).”
MethodYousefi, S., Najjar-Ghabel, S., Danehchin, R., Band, S. S., Hsu, C.-C., & Mosavi, A. H. (2024) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2024.101944 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The vector α signifies the predicted data direction. population of more than two classes; if the difference exceeds a predetermined threshold, the feature is considered a significant attribute (Scott et al., 2020).”
Personality differences in the occurrence and affective correlates of daily positive events
Klaiber, P., Wen, J., Ong, A. D., Almeida, D. M., & Sin, N. L. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12676 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Crawford, J. L., English, T., & Braver, T. (2022) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000646 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Memory lapses in daily life among breast cancer survivors and women without cancer history
Scott, S., Mogle, J. A., Sliwinski, M. J., Jim, H., & Small, B. J. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5357 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Reliability was calculated both between persons (ie, reliability of a measure of stable, between person differences in affect) and within persons (ie, reliability of a measure of differences in affect between occasions within the same person) for both samples.(27,28) For negative affect, reliabilities were adequate to…”
BackgroundAffective Reactions to daily interpersonal stressors: Moderation by family involvement and gender
Witzel, D. D., Chandler, K. D., & Stawski, R. S. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221125431 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Theorists have proposed, for example, that people influence and are influenced by the lives of family and others that they interact with (Settersten, 2015).”
BackgroundEvaluating dynamics in affect structure with latent Markov factor analysis.
Vogelsmeier, L. V. D. E., Cloos, L., Kuppens, P., & Ceulemans, E. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001307 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Note, however, that differences in the study characteristics (e.g., sampling frequency, time frame, item selection, level of analysis; Carroll et al., 1999; Eisele et al., 2021; Scott et al., 2020; Watson et al., 1999), will likely influence the emerging structure of affect.”
BackgroundWitzel, D. D., Turner, S. G., & Hooker, K. A. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab228 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A faith-based mind–body intervention to improve psychosocial well-being among rural adults
Mama, S. K., Bhuiyan, N., Bopp, M., McNeill, L. H., Lengerich, E. J., & Smyth, J. M. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz136 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Additionally, given daily fluctuations in affective states related to mental health and well-being [39], the simple pre–post measurement of psychosocial distress and quality of life may reduce ecologic validity of findings.”
BackgroundWitzel, D. D., & Stawski, R. S. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Stawski, R. S., Cichy, K. E., Witzel, D. D., Schuyler, A. C., & Nichols, M. J. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01444-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Braitman, A. L., Romano, K. A., Heron, K. E., Ehlke, S. J., Shappie, A. T., & Lewis, R. J. (2021) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001073 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
HabitWalk: A micro‐randomized trial to understand and promote habit formation in physical activity
Baretta, D., Gillmann, N., Edgren, R., & Inauen, J. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12605 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neupert, S. D. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab169 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Adding Insult to Injury: Everyday Discrimination Moderates Stressor-Related Negative Affect
Kaur, A., Charles, S. T., Molina, K. M., & Almeida, D. M. (2022) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2022.2092441 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lüdtke, T., Hedelt, K. S., & Westermann, S. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101885 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mean Affect Moderates the Association between Affect Variability and Mental Health
Jenkins, B. N., Ong, L. Q., Ong, A. D., Lee, H. Y., & Boehm, J. K. (2024) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-024-00238-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The affect scales in the NSDE have acceptable between-person reliability ( R kF = .99 for positive affect, .97 for negative affect) and within-person reliability ( R C = .86 for positive affect, .77 for negative affect; Scott et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDomke, A., Keller, J., Heuse, S., Wiedemann, A. U., Lorbeer, N., & Knoll, N. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12254 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Joseph, N. T., Chow, E. C., Peterson, L. M., Kamarck, T. W., Clinton, M., & DeBruin, M. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000966 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“EMA emotion measures are less susceptible to recall bias than daily or trait measures and exhibit strong within-person reliability (18).”
BackgroundInfluentialSmith, E. L., & Neupert, S. D. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00694-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jin, H., Gonzalez, J. S., Pyatak, E. A., Schneider, S., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Hernandez, R., Lee, P.-J., & Spruijt‐Metz, D. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111442 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gavrilova, L., & Zawadzki, M. J. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2252960 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Based on prior research (Scott et al., 2020), negative emotions were assessed using EMA, with participants separately rating their anxious, angry, and sad emotional states on a 0 ( not at all ) to 10 ( extremely ) sliding scale.”
MethodMacIntyre, R. I., Heron, K. E., Dawson, C. A., Filipkowski, K. B., & Arigo, D. (2021) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2021.40.4.304 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Almeida, D. M., Charles, S. T., Piazza, J., Stawski, R., Cichy, K., Cerino, E., Rush, J., Nicholson, J. S., Holmberg, J. C., Cramer, N., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/76453 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“As one example, Scott and colleagues [52] used NSDE data as part of a coordinated analysis of intensive repeated measurement studies that descriptively demonstrated significant between-person variation, within-person variation, and reliability of daily negative affect and daily positive affect.”
Hernandez, R., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Gonzalez, J. S., Pyatak, E. A., Crespo-Ramos, G., & Schneider, S. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/58352 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The use of EMA methodology is ubiquitous in a broad range of fields [25-27], and the use of EMA emotion items is commonplace [28].”
Stull, S. W., Mogle, J. A., Bertz, J. W., Burgess-Hull, A. J., Panlilio, L. V., Lanza, S. T., Preston, K. L., & Epstein, D. H. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001160 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Johnson, J. A., Zawadzki, M. J., Sliwinski, M. J., Almeida, D. M., Buxton, O. M., Conroy, D. E., Marcusson‐Clavertz, D., Kim, J., Stawski, R. S., Scott, S., et al. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/58985 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pang, R. D., Tucker, C. J., D’Orazio, L. M., Weinberger, A. H., & Guillot, C. R. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000741 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hernandez, R., Schneider, S., Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., Spruijt‐Metz, D., & Pyatak, E. A. (2023) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2023.050173 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Caplin, A., Beauchamp, M. R., Weiss, J., Schilf, S., Hives, B. A., DeLongis, A., Johansen, K. L., Epel, E. S., & Puterman, E. M. (2021) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-020-00026-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Diachina, A. K., & Neupert, S. D. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1998353 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Within-person reliability estimates (Scott et al., 2020) were all acceptable (plan rehearsal = .”
BackgroundMethodAnticipatory stress during an election: A daily diary study
Zhu, X., & Neupert, S. D. (2022) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12852 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Affect variability and physical health: The moderating role of mean affect
Jenkins, B. N., Ong, L. Q., Lee, H. Y., Ong, A. D., & Boehm, J. K. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12459 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Typically, greater levels of mean negative affect are associated with worse health (Pacella et al., 2018; Sirois & Burg, 2003; Suls & Bunde, 2005; Willroth et al., 2020).”
BackgroundConscientiousness, Activity Engagement, and Momentary Affect in Oldest-Old Adulthood
Windsor, T. D., Curtis, R., Gerstorf, D., Hoppmann, C. A., & Luszcz, M. A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa136 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Core Beliefs Disruption in the Context of an Election: Implications for Subjective Well-Being
Zhu, X., & Neupert, S. D. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211021347 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Third, previous research indicates that individuals may lend themselves to prolonged negative post-event responses by reliving it through media exposure (e.g., Silver et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAngonese, G., Buhl, M., Kuhlmann, I., Kollmeier, B., & Hildebrandt, A. (2024) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/52310 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“A total of 8 items were related to negative affect, and 6 items were related to positive affect [65].”
BackgroundToledo, M. J. L., Zawadzki, M. J., Scott, S., Johnson, J. A., Marcusson‐Clavertz, D., Kim, J., Lanza, S. T., Almeida, D. M., Sliwinski, M. J., & Smyth, J. M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3501 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…approximately half of the variance in the raw indicators could be attributed to between‐person differences and the other half to within‐person differences (both between‐ days and within‐day variations), which were very similar to that of previous studies (Podsakoff et al. 2019; Scott et al. 2020).”
Limberger, M. F., Schmiedek, F., Santangelo, P., Reichert, M., Wieland, L. M., Berhe, O., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Tost, H., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1061229 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, there is one published methodological study (Wilhelm and Schoebi, 2007) and one metaanalysis (Scott et al., 2020) of adults and one published methodological study of children (Leonhardt et al.”
BackgroundMaher, J. P., Labban, J. D., Hudgins, B. L., Hevel, D. J., Bittel, K. M., Kennedy‐Malone, L., & Hedeker, D. (2024) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0350 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Community crime and safety: An investigation of gender differences in the daily stress process
Robinette, J. W., Piazza, J. R., & Stawski, R. S. (2024) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23158 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Within ‐ and between ‐ person reliabilities for positive affect were α = 0.86 and α = 0.99, respectively (Scott et al., 2020).”
InfluentialBrearly, T. W., Elbich, D., Dhinojwala, M., & Hakun, J. G. (2025) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2025.2534720 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…cognition as a construct that can vary dynamically over short periods of time in relation to other biologic, psychological, and environmental contextual factors (Benson et al., 2023; Hakun et al., 2023; Hawks et al., 2024; Scott et al., 2020; Sliwinski, 2008; Sunderaraman et al., 2024).”
A Coordinated Analysis of Physical Reactivity to Daily Stressors: Age and Proactive Coping Matter
Neupert, S. D., Smith, E. L., & Schriefer, M. L. (2022) · Forecasting · doi:10.3390/forecast4040054 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Consistent with best practices for coordinated analysis [58,59], we tested simple slopes using the same procedure as in Study 1 and conducted separate models for younger (age 19–36, see Table 4) and older (age 37–86, see Table 5) participants with all covariates.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZawadzki, M. J., Hojjaty, A., Guilas, A.-C., & Song, A. V. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104472 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dial, B., Zawadzki, M. J., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Witzel, D. D., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., & Brondolo, E. N. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251358123 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Additionally, we partitioned the variance at the momentary (Level 1) and person (Level 2) levels with null models using the PROC MIXED command, in line with prior work (Scott et al., 2020), using restricted maximum likelihood estimation to improve the estimation of random effects.”
Predicting daily fluctuations in multidimensional subjective age among adults aged 19 to 84 years
Zhou, S., Brady, B., Zheng, L., Neupert, S. D., & Anstey, K. J. (2026) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251413126 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ambulatory assessment in mental health: expert consensus and recommendations
Löchner, J., Santangelo, P., Ansell, E. B., Bolger, N. P., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Fried, E. I., Gawrilow, C., Hamaker, E. L., Hepp, J., Kaurin, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00658-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kho, C., Zawadzki, M. J., & Main, A. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231167887 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hernandez, R., Schneider, S., Jin, H., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Lee, P.-J., Pham, L. T., & Pyatak, E. A. (2024) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2024.050527 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“We assessed positive and negative affect with EMA items from Scott et al. ’ s (2018) stress and working memory study.”
Hernandez, R., Schneider, S., Pham, L. T., & Pyatak, E. A. (2023) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-023-10171-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zawadzki, M. J., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Robles, P. L., Hussain, M. R., Fair, E. V., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., & Brondolo, E. N. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad033 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ferguson, G., Ali, S., Pasquini, G., Graham, E. K., Mrozcek, D., Clouston, S., Eaton, N. R., Neubauer, A. B., & Scott, S. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104452 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Positive event diversity: Relationship with personality and well‐being
Klaiber, P., Hill, P. L., Almeida, D. M., DeLongis, A., & Sin, N. L. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12917 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The reliability of between-person differences was excellent ( R > 0.97; Scott et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialLanza, S. T., Whetzel, C. A., & Bhandari, S. (2024) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/45689 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with a coordinated analysis of 6 intensive longitudinal studies of positive and negative affect; variance decomposition of daily data reliably showed affect to be more strongly characterized by between-person differences [40].”
ResultJohnson, N. J., Kil, H., Pauly, T., Ashe, M. C., Madden, K. M., Murphy, R. A., Linden, W., Gerstorf, D., & Hoppmann, C. A. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117635 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Characterizing older adults’ real world memory function using ecologically valid approaches
Richmond, L. L., & Burnett, L. K. (2022) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2022.07.004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shi, D., Hébert, E. T., & Businelle, M. S. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bdpre · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The stability of intraindividual means and standard deviations of affect
Shryock, I., Condon, D. M., & Weston, S. J. (2025) · Personality Science · doi:10.1177/27000710251318301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A substantial amount of research has assessed the reliability of momentary measures of affect and dynamic indices (Dejonckheere et al., 2022; Scott et al., 2020; Wendt et al., 2020; Wilhelm & Schoebi, 2007).”
Considerations for Advancing the Conceptualization of Well-being
Sin, N. L., & Ong, L. Q. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00149-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Daily Stressor Appraisals and Subjective Age Predict Daily Affective Ratings
Graham, L. N., O’Brien, E. L., & Neupert, S. D. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf029 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Manipulating emotions for ground truth emotion analysisPreprint
Kleinberg, B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.08952 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ultra-brief Ambulatory Assessment of Working Memory Capacity via Smart PhonesPreprint
Hakun, J. G., Roque, N. A., Gerver, C. R., & Cerino, E. S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ewzg7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chasing consistency: On the measurement error in self-reported affect in experiments
Vanhasbroeck, N., Vanbelle, S., Moors, A., Vanpaemel, W., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02290-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hernandez, R., Aldrich, R. M., Schneider, S., Stone, A. A., Roll, S. C., & Pyatak, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2024.2431138 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Items for the psychosomatic variables (Bro-derick et al., 2009; Dunton et al., 2019) and affect (Scott et al., 2018) were all administered in several prior EMA studies.”
Teuber, Z., Botes, E., Reiter, J., Greiff, S., Aunola, K., & McNeish, D. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00346-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maher, J. P., Behler, M. H., Castro-Buitrago, N., Hudgins, B. L., Murray, E. E., Seo, Y., & Rebar, A. L. (2026) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2025.2528925 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Using an adjective based approach in EMA research, as few as two items assessing positive or negative affect has shown to be valid in capturing these constructs (Scott et al., 2020).”
The (in)distinguishability of Machiavellianism and psychopathy? Discovering the daily dynamics
Walczak, D., Rogoza, R., & Jones, D. N. (2026) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2026.104710 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhu, J., Pan, H., Zhou, J., Gao, Y., Xie, Z., Zhang, C., Li, Y., Liu, Q., Shen, M., & Niu, L. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117310 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Scott, S. B., Sliwinski, M. J., Zawadzki, M., Stawski, R. S., Kim, J., Marcusson-Clavertz, D., Lanza, S. T., Conroy, D. E., Buxton, O., Almeida, D. M., & Smyth, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Stacey B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-09-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1683-1698
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC6408986
- OpenAlex
- W2891573817
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 12.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Gallup Organization
- Basic Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Opportunity Network
- Leonard and Sylvia Marx Foundation
- Czap Foundation
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL067990, R01 HL109340, R01HL107240)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01HD051217, U01HD051218, U01HD051256, U01HD051276, U01HD059773)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U01OH008788)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Science of Behavior Change Common Fund Program (UH2-AG052167)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Aging (CTSA 1UL1TR001073, P01 AG020166, P01 AG03949, R01 AG019239, R01 AG039409, R01 AG042595, U01AG027669)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- within-person variance, negative affect, positive affect, everyday life, ecological momentary assessment, daily diary, reliability statistics, intensive longitudinal data
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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