The Structure of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20): A Meta-Analytic Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Alexithymia is defined as the inability of persons to describe their emotional states, to identify the feelings of others, and a utilitarian type of thinking. The most popular instrument to assess alexithymia is the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Despite its widespread use, an ongoing controversy pertains to its internal structure. The TAS-20 was originally constructed to capture three different factors, but several studies suggested different factor solutions, including bifactor models and models with a method factor for the reversely keyed items. The present study examined the dimensionality of the TAS-20 using summary data of 88 samples from 62 studies (total N = 69,722) with meta-analytic structural equation modeling. We found support for the originally proposed three-dimensional solution, whereas more complex models produced inconsistent factor loadings. Because a major source of misfit stems from translated versions, the results are discussed with respect to generalizations across languages and cultural contexts.
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TAS-20 is the most widely used and reliable self-measurement for alexithymia.
“The final criteria are used because TAS-20 is the most widely used and reliable self-measurement [38].”
From Psychological Treatments for Alexithymia: A Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
The Toronto Alexithymia Scales section calls the TAS-20 the most popular measure, and the Abstract identifies it as a self-report measure. But the Abstract notes criticisms of its reliability, while Results > Confirmatory Factor Analyses reports reliability estimates that vary across its three factors. The source therefore supports its widespread use, not an unqualified description of it as reliable. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Effects of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD on self-experience
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“The final criteria are used because TAS-20 is the most widely used and reliable self-measurement [38].”
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- Authors
- Schroeders, U., Kubera, F., & Gnambs, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Kassel (DE)
- Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schroeders, Ulrich
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-07-26
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1806-1823
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC9597132
- OpenAlex
- W3160648549
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Kobra (Universitätsbibliothek Kassel) (cc-by)
- Funders
- American Psychological Association
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Toronto Alexithymia Scale, TAS-20, alexithymia, factor structure, dimensionality, bifactor model, methodological factors, cross-cultural generalizability, emotional awareness
- MeSH terms
- Affective Symptoms, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Language, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results
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