Cited by 3,373Health and Wellbeing ResearchBehavioral Health and InterventionsHealth Education and Validation

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Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales

Wallston, Kenneth A., Strudler Wallston, Barbara, DeVellis, Robert·1978·Health Education Monographs

DOI 10.1177/109019817800600107

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Abstract

The development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales is described. Scales have been developed to tap beliefs that the source of reinforcements for health-related behaviors is primarily internal, a matter of chance, or under the control of powerful others. These scales are based on earlier work with a general Health Locus of Control Scale, which, in turn, was developed from Rotter's social learning theory. Equivalent forms of the scales are presented along with initial internal consistency and validity data. Possible means of utilizing these scales are provided.

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Method
Healthy dietary practices among European students
Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Bellisle, F., Davou, B., Reschke, K., Lappalainen, R., & Fredrikson, M. (1997) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.16.5.443 · Cited by 34
Infertility: Testing a helpseeking model
White, L. K., McQuillan, J., Greil, A. L., & Johnson, D. R. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.012 · Cited by 90
Adherence to a Web-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Patients With Knee and/or Hip Osteoarthritis: A Mixed Method Study
Bossen, D., Buskermolen, M., Veenhof, C., de Bakker, D. H., & Dekker, J. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2742 · Cited by 88
“We used two subscales of the MHLC: (1) belief of control by powerful others (6 items) and (2) internal locus of control (6 items).”
Method
The Mediational Role of Perceived Competence in Psychological Adjustment to Rheumatoid Arthritis1
Smith, C. A., Dobbins, C. J., & Wallston, K. A. (1991) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00467.x · Cited by 91
Self-citation
Prevention of medication overuse in patients with migraine
Fritsche, G., Frettlöh, J., Hüppe, M., Dlugaj, M., Matatko, N., Gaul, C., & Diener, H.-C. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.032 · Cited by 88
“Form and content of the KKG are based on the ‘Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale’ (MHLC, [41]) and Rotter’s social learning theory.”
Method
Interventions for promoting participation in shared decision-making for children with cancer
Coyne, I., O’Mathúna, D. P., Gibson, F., Shields, L. E., Leclercq, E., & Sheaf, G. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008970.pub3 · Cited by 89
Empowering diabetes out-patients with structured education:
Howorka, K., Pumprla, J., Wagner-Nosiska, D., Grillmayr, H., Schlusche, C., & Schabmann, A. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00074-4 · Cited by 89
Stress, cognitive factors, and coping resources as predictors of relapse in alcoholics
Noone, M., Dua, J. K., & Markham, R. H. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00087-2 · Cited by 88
Taking responsibility for cancer treatment
Deadman, J. M., Leinster, S., Owens, R. G., Dewey, M. E., & Slade, P. D. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00369-5 · Cited by 88
Spinal segmental stabilisation exercises for chronic low back pain: programme adherence and its influence on clinical outcome
Mannion, A. F., Helbling, D., Pulkovski, N., & Sprott, H. (2009) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-009-1093-7 · Cited by 92
“despite various distractions (0‐66, from not certain at all through to absolutely certain) [5]; • The multidimensional health locus of control (HLC) questionnaire, which examines beliefs that the source of reinforcement for health-related behaviour is primarily internal, a matter of chance or under the control of powe…”
Background
Randomized trial of two physiotherapy interventions for primary care neck and back pain patients: 'McKenzie' vs brief physiotherapy pain management
Moffett, J. K., Jackson, D. A., Gardiner, E., Torgerson, D. J., Coulton, S., Eaton, S., Mooney, M. P., Pickering, C., Green, A. J., Walker, L. G., et al. (2006) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kel339 · Cited by 88
“In addition, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) [ 26 ], SF-12 (General Quality of Life Health Questionnaire) [27, 28], Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), a subscale of the Chronic Pain and Coping Inventory (CPCI) [29] and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [30] were used.”
Method
The BELFRAIL (BFC80+) study: a population-based prospective cohort study of the very elderly in Belgium
Vaes, B., Pasquet, A., Wallemacq, P. E., Rezzoug, N., Mekouar, H., Olivier, P.-A., Legrand, D., Matheï, C., Pottelbergh, G. V., & Degryse, J. (2010) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-10-39 · Cited by 90
Associations between parental skills and their attitudes toward importance to develop good oral hygiene skills in their children
Vanagas, G., Milašauskienė, Ž., Grabauskas, V. J., & Mickevičienė, A. (2009) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina45090094 · Cited by 88
The Healthy Lifestyle and Personal Control Questionnaire (HLPCQ): a novel tool for assessing self-empowerment through a constellation of daily activities
Darviri, C., Alexopoulos, E. C., Artemiadis, A., Tigani, X., Kraniotou, C., Darvyri, P. P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-995 · Cited by 86
Desired control and felt control as mediators of stress in a dental setting.
Logan, H. L., Baron, R. S., Keeley, K., Law, A., & al, E. (1991) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.10.5.352 · Cited by 86
Peer-led asthma education for adolescents: Impact evaluation
Gibson, P. G., Shah, S., & Mamoon, H. A. (1998) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s1054-139x(97)00203-6 · Cited by 87
What determines resilience in patients with Parkinson's disease?
Robottom, B., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., Anderson, K. E., Reich, S. G., Fishman, P. S., Weiner, W. J., & Shulman, L. M. (2011) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.09.021 · Cited by 87
Realizing the promise of breast cancer screening: clinical follow-up after abnormal screening among Black women
Kerner, J. F., Yedidia, M. J., Padgett, D. K., Muth, B., Washington, K. S., Tefft, M. C., Yabroff, K. R., Makariou, E. V., Freeman, H. P., & Mandelblatt, J. S. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00087-2 · Cited by 87
A standardised scale to measure beliefs about controlling pain (B.P.C.Q.): A preliminary study
Skevington, S. M. (1990) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449008400392 · Cited by 87
Determinants of early- vs late-onset dental fear in a longitudinal-epidemiological study
Poulton, R., Waldie, K. E., Thomson, W. M., & Locker, D. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00060-7 · Cited by 87
Beliefs about personal control and self-management in 30–40 year olds living with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A qualitative study
Cooper, J. M., Collier, J., James, V., & Hawkey, C. J. (2010) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.05.008 · Cited by 87
“The design of this study was informed by two common constructs of personal control: multi-dimensional health locus of control (MHLoC) (Wallston et al., 1978); and selfefficacy (Bandura, 1977).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Preoperative Rehearsal of Active Coping Imagery Influences Subjective and Hormonal Responses to Abdominal Surgery
Manyande, A., Berg, S., Gettins, D., Stanford, S. C., Mazhero, S., Marks, D. F., & Salmon, P. (1995) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199503000-00010 · Cited by 87
Predictors of cervical cancer screening adherence in the United States: a systematic review.
(2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 87
Development of Scales to Measure Perceived Control of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes‐related Health Beliefs
Bradley, C., Brewin, C. R., Gamsu, D. S., & Moses, J. L. (1984) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1984.tb01955.x · Cited by 87

Authors: Wallston, K. A., Strudler Wallston, B., & DeVellis, R.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
George Peabody College for Teachers Nashville, Tennessee
ORCID: Wallston, Kenneth A.
Venue: Health Education Monographs
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1978-03
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Pages: 160-170
ISSN: 0073-1455 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1177/109019817800600107
OpenAlex: W2134621022
Cited by: 3,373
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 111 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 120 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 95
FWCI: 51.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Health Education Monographs (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: health locus of control, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, health behavior, internal locus of control, chance locus of control, powerful others locus of control, scale development, social learning theory, Rotter, scale validation, internal consistency
MeSH terms: Adult, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Psychological Tests

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Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales

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