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Cited by 72Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTrauma and Emergency Care Studies

Is there a Sex Difference in the Course Following Traumatic Brain Injury?

Kirkness, Catherine J., Burr, Robert L., Mitchell, Pamela H., Newell, David W.·2004·Biological Research For Nursing
DOI 10.1177/1099800404263050
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Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of death and disability in the United States. Sex has not been thoroughly examined as a factor that may influence outcome following TBI. Clinical studies involving humans that have focused on sex and TBI outcome have yielded inconclusive results, yet sex-related physiologic differences have been demonstrated in animal studies. The purpose of this study is to examine the interaction of sex and age in relation to outcome at 3 and 6 months postinjury in a population of individuals with TBI. The sample includes 157 subjects (124 males, 33 females), 16 to 89 years of age, admitted to a level 1 trauma center following TBI. Physiologic data and information about injury severity and clinical course were gathered during hospitalization. Outcome was assessed at 3 and 6 months postinjury using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) and Functional Status Examination (FSE). In this sample, there was a significant relationship between sex and age with respect to functional outcome at 6 months following TBI, controlling for initial injury severity. Females age 30 years or older had significantly poorer outcome as measured by the GOSE (P = 0.031) and the FSE (P = 0.037) than either males or younger females. There was also a very different rate of recovery, with women age 30 years and older, on average, showing no improvement between 3 and 6 months postinjury. Further study is needed to elucidate the reasons why sex may affect outcome following TBI.

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  • Mortality and GOS-E were found to be different between sexes despite similar cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure.

    “Conversely, mortality and GOS-E were found to be different between sexes despite similar cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure. 57”

    From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [57]

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Related

Authors
Kirkness, C. J., Burr, R. L., Mitchell, P. H., & Newell, D. W.
Affiliations
University of Washington (US)
ORCID
Venue
Biological Research For Nursing
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2004-04
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
299-310
ISSN
  • 1099-8004 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-4175
DOI
10.1177/1099800404263050
OpenAlex
W2084300781
Cited by
72
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI
2.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Biological Research For Nursing (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01nr004501-03)
  • National Institute of Nursing Research (R01 NR04501-03)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, sex differences, functional outcome, age, injury severity, recovery, Glasgow Outcome Scale, sex hormones
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain Injuries, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, United States, Trauma Severity Indices, Survival Rate, Multivariate Analysis, Logistic Models, Recovery of Function

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