Metabolomic alterations in mammary glands from pubertal mice fed a high-fat diet
Open accessAbstract
Dietary malpractice is a risk factor for obesity. This study tested the hypothesis that consumption of a high-fat diet alters mammary metabolome in pubertal mice. We performed untargeted metabolomic analysis of primary metabolism on mammary glands from pubertal mice fed the AIN93G standard diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 weeks. We identified 97 metabolites for statistical comparisons. The HFD altered the amino acid metabolism considerably. This included elevated expression of branched-chain amino acids, non-essential amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid), and methionine sulfoxide (oxidized methionine) and an alteration in the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, elevations of fumaric acid and malic acid (both are citrate cycle intermediates) and glyceric acid (its phosphate derivatives are intermediates of glycolysis) in HFD-fed mice suggest an acceleration of both citrate cycle and glycolysis. Lower expression of glycerol, oleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, as well as decreased mammary expression of genes encoding lipid metabolism ( Acaca, Fads1, Fasn, Scd1, and Srebf1) in HFD-fed mice indicate an attenuated lipid metabolism in the presence of adequate dietary fat. In conclusion, consumption of the HFD for 3 weeks alters metabolic profile of pubertal mammary glands. This alteration may affect mammary development and growth in pubertal mice.
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The citric acid cycle relies heavily on fumaric acid, and a decrease in its concentration suggests a compromised cycle.
“The citric acid cycle relies heavily on fumaric acid, and a decrease in its concentration suggests a compromised cycle (Yan et al., 2023).”
From Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N4 ameliorates lipid metabolism and gut microbiota structure in high fat diet-fed rats (2024) · cites this paper as Yan et al., 2023
The Discussion identifies fumarate as a citrate-cycle intermediate and suggests that elevated fumaric and malic acid in high-fat-diet-fed mice may reflect increased cycle activity. It does not state that the cycle relies heavily on fumaric acid or that a decrease in fumaric acid indicates a compromised cycle; the Results instead report an increase in this study. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Yan, L., Rust, B. M., Sundaram, S., & Bukowski, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yan, Lin
- Venue
- Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-01
- Volume
- 16
- Pages
- 11786388221148858-11786388221148858
- ISSN
- 1178-6388 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9893363
- OpenAlex
- W4318712259
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 1.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrition and Metabolic Insights (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- The USDA Agricultural Research Service (3062-51000-050-00D and 3062-51000-056-00D)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- high-fat diet, mammary gland, puberty, metabolomics, amino acid metabolism, branched-chain amino acids, methionine sulfoxide, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, TCA cycle, glycolysis, lipid metabolism, fatty acid desaturase, obesity risk, mammary gland development
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