The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination
Open accessAbstract
This article examines the extent to which racial differences in socio-economic status (SES), social class and acute and chronic indicators of perceived discrimination, as well as general measures of stress can account for black-white differences in self-reported measures of physical and mental health. The observed racial differences in health were markedly reduced when adjusted for education and especially income. However, both perceived discrimination and more traditional measures of stress are related to health and play an incremental role in accounting for differences between the races in health status. These findings underscore the need for research efforts to identify the complex ways in which economic and non-economic forms of discrimination relate to each other and combine with socio-economic position and other risk factors and resources to affect health.
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In the citing paper
“The SSP posits that groups of disadvantaged status will have poorer physical and mental health outcomes than groups of advantaged status due to increased exposure to stressors, lifetime adversity, and fewer socioeconomic resources”
From Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans. (2021) · cites this paper as Williams et al. 1997
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“however, on a scale of 0–45, the mean was relatively low at 8.36 (SD 9.421).”
From Using a health equity lens to measure patient experiences of care in diverse health care settings (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
In the citing paper
“In the study sample, using the Everyday Discrimination Scale [80], 63% reported experiencing some form of discrimination in their everyday lives”
From Using a health equity lens to measure patient experiences of care in diverse health care settings (2024) · cites this paper as [80]
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Cites
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Pearlin, L. I. (1989) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136956 · Cited by 3,263 · cited 1×
“It is linked to social structure, and social status and social roles determine both the types and quantities of stress to which an individual is exposed (Pearlin, 1989; Williams & House, 1991).”
BackgroundMeasuring Social Class in US Public Health Research: Concepts, Methodologies, and Guidelines
Krieger, N., Williams, D. R., & Moss, N. (1997) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.341 · Cited by 2,767
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016059 · Cited by 4,427
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371
Self-citationThe Social Psychology of Stigma
Major, B., & O'Brien, L. T. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137 · Cited by 3,114
Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610
“We caution however, that our focus on explicit mentions of race will tend to understate the contribution of scales like the Everyday Discrimination Scale, for which attributions to race are volunteered by participants, rather than intrinsic to the question asked.”
MethodInfluentialRacial/Ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies
Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.200 · Cited by 2,634
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 335-351
- ISSN
- 1359-1053 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7277
- OpenAlex
- W2132406025
- Cited by
- 4,786
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 346 · 2025: 442 · 2024: 425 · 2023: 338 · 2022: 399 · 2021: 356 · 2020: 278 · 2019: 290 · 2018: 227 · 2017: 224 · 2016: 188 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 145 · 2013: 125 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 19.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- racial differences in health, Black-White health disparities, perceived discrimination, socioeconomic status, social class, stress, income, physical health, mental health, self-reported health
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