The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay
Open accessAbstract
Parents of children with developmental disabilities, particularly autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), are at risk for high levels of distress. The factors contributing to this are unclear. This study investigated how child characteristics influence maternal parenting stress and psychological distress. Participants consisted of mothers and developmental-age matched preschool-aged children with ASD (N = 51) and developmental delay without autism (DD) ( N = 22). Evidence for higher levels of parenting stress and psychological distress was found in mothers in the ASD group compared to the DD group. Children's problem behavior was associated with increased parenting stress and psychological distress in mothers in the ASD and DD groups. This relationship was stronger in the DD group. Daily living skills were not related to parenting stress or psychological distress. Results suggest clinical services aiming to support parents should include a focus on reducing problem behaviors in children with developmental disabilities.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It has been widely demonstrated that raising a child with autism involves chronic challenges consistently associated with high levels of psychological distress [3,4,5,6].”
From The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving psychological well‐being in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700048017 · Cited by 6,650
Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experiences Survey.
Sarason, I. G., Johnson, J. H., & Siegel, J. M. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.46.5.932 · Cited by 2,788
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
Bradley‐Johnson, S. (1997) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199710)34:4 · Cited by 2,329
Dawson, G., Toth, K., Abbott, R., Osterling, J., Munson, J., Estes, A., & Liaw, J. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.271 · Cited by 1,477
Self-citationThe impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders
Lecavalier, L., Leone, S., & Wiltz, J. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00732.x · Cited by 1,163
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
Society for Research in Child Development (2026) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/(issn)1540-5834 · Cited by 1,107
Social Factors And Psychopathology: Stress, Social Support, And Coping Processes
Coyne, J. C., & Downey, G. (1991) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.002153 · Cited by 856
Eisenhower, A. S., Baker, B. L., & Blacher, J. (2005) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00699.x · Cited by 620
Parental stress and behaviour problems of children with developmental disability
Hastings, R. P. (2002) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.1080/1366825021000008657 · Cited by 501
The relationship between behaviours exhibited by children with autism and maternal stress
Tomanik, S. S., Harris, G. E., & Hawkins, J. (2004) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.1080/13668250410001662892 · Cited by 467
Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L. L. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00768.x · Cited by 467
Hauser‐Cram, P., Warfield, M. E., Shonkoff, J. P., & Krauss, M. W. (2001) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00151 · Cited by 454
The impact of young children with externalizing behaviors on their families
Donenberg, G. R., & Baker, B. L. (1993) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00911315 · Cited by 404
Dumas, J. E., Wolf, L. C., Fisman, S. N., & Culligan, A. (1991) · Exceptionality · doi:10.1080/09362839109524770 · Cited by 390
Linking parental perceptions to interactions in young children with autism
Kasari, C., & Sigman, M. (1997) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025869105208 · Cited by 289
Families of Autistic Children: Psychological Functioning of Mothers
Rodrigue, J. R., Morgan, S. B., & Geffken, G. R. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp1904_9 · Cited by 283
Assessing Child Symptom Severity and Stress in Parents of Autistic Children
Konstantareas, M. M., & Homatidis, S. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00259.x · Cited by 251
Factors Associated with Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Fragile X Syndrome
Johnston, C. K., Hessl, D. R., Blasey, C. M., D, S. E. M., Erba, H. W., Dyer-Friedman, J., Glaser, B., & Reiss, A. L. (2003) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200308000-00008 · Cited by 170
Mothers’ expressed emotion towards children with and without intellectual disabilities
Beck, A., Daley, D., Hastings, R. P., & Stevenson, J. (2004) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00564.x · Cited by 151
Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., Chou, R. J.-A., & Hong, J. (2004) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.74.1.14 · Cited by 146
Evidence for multiple loci from a genome scan of autism kindreds
Schellenberg, G. D., Dawson, G., Sung, Y. J., Estes, A., Munson, J., Rosenthal, E., Rothstein, J., Flodman, P., Smith, M., Coon, H., et al. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001874 · Cited by 129 · cited 1×
“The procedures were based on the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) CPEA diagnostic criteria established by Catherine Lord and the CPEA diagnostic subcommittee in May 2003, described in greater detail in Schellenberg et al. (2006).”
MethodSelf-citationThe effects of the child with Down syndrome on maternal stress
Hodapp, R. M., Ricci, L. A., Ly, T. M., & Fidler, D. J. (2003) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151003321164672 · Cited by 122
Maternal depressive symptoms in autism: Response to psychoeducational intervention.
Bristol, M. M., Gallagher, J. J., & Holt, K. D. (1993) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0080290 · Cited by 118
Konstantareas, M. M., Homatidis, S., & Plowright, C. M. S. (1992) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01058152 · Cited by 84
Guralnick, M. J. (2008) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757703.ch3 · Cited by 60
Abbeduto (2004) · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Aman, M.G., 1986, Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC)
- Dawson, G., 2004, Joint Attention, and Responses to Emotions', Developmental Psychology, 40, 271
- Fitzgerald, M., 2002, The Irish Journal of Psychology, 33, 17
- Gallagher, J.J. & Bristol, M. (1989) `Families of Young Handicapped Children', in M.C.R.M.C. Wang & H.J. Walberg (eds) Handbook of Special Education: Research and Practice: Vol. 3, 3rd edn, pp. 295-317. New York: Pergamon.
- 10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0222:BPOCWA>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
- Lord, C., 2003, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Manual
- Rutter, M., 2003, Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised: WPS Edition Manual
- Sparrow, S., 1984, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Interview
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1604-y · Cited by 1,847
Karst, J. S., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2012) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0119-6 · Cited by 977
Parenting Stress through the Lens of Different Clinical Groups: a Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis
Lorenzo, N. E., Mendez, L., Graziano, P. A., & Bagner, D. M. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0313-6 · Cited by 551
“Lastly, given the reportedly high rates of parenting stress in families of children with ASD/DD (Estes et al. 2009; Lecavalier et al. 2006), we expected the strongest effect between parenting stress and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and the highest levels of parenting stress among parents of childr…”
BackgroundEstes, A., Olson, E., Sullivan, K., Greenson, J., Winter, J., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. (2013) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.10.004 · Cited by 456
Randomized comparative efficacy study of parent-mediated interventions for toddlers with autism.
Kasari, C. L., Gulsrud, A. C., Paparella, T., Hellemann, G., & Berry, K. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039080 · Cited by 411
Metadata
- Authors
- Estes, A., Munson, J., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X.-H., & Abbott, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Washington, USA
- Corresponding author
- Estes, Annette
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-06-17
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 375-387
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC2965631
- OpenAlex
- W2165770244
- Cited by
- 865
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 24.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD055782, U19HD035482, U19HD34565, U19HD035468, U19HD035465)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- parental stress, maternal distress, autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, preschool children, child behavior problems, daily living skills, mothers of children with developmental disabilities, parenting support
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Child Behavior Disorders, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Comorbidity, Parenting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
