‘Social Sharedness’ as a Unifying Theme for Information Processing in Groups

Tindale, R. Scott; Kameda, Tatsuya

doi:10.1177/1368430200003002002

Cited by 225Social and Intergroup PsychologyTeam Dynamics and PerformanceSocial Power and Status Dynamics

‘Social Sharedness’ as a Unifying Theme for Information Processing in Groups

Tindale, R. Scott, Kameda, Tatsuya·2000·Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

DOI 10.1177/1368430200003002002

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Abstract

Although much of the research on small groups in social psychology has emphasized cognitive, information-processing tasks (decision-making and problem solving), only recently have groups been conceptualized as information-processing systems. Partially due to this new conceptualization, group research is on the rise, yet much of this research is discipline specific. Few attempts have been made to integrate this research to provide common themes or frameworks across disciplinary boundaries. We propose that one potential unifying theme underlying much of the recent research on groups is ‘social sharedness’: the degree to which cognitions, preferences, identities, etc. are shared and are being shared within groups. Through a targeted review of the literature, we attempt to demonstrate that social sharedness is central to understanding group decision-making, provides a tie between past and current group research, and can serve a unifying function for future endeavors.

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Collaborative learners can be considered as a single information processing system consisting of multiple limited working memories which can create a larger, more effective, collective working space.
“Collaborative learners can be considered as a single information processing system (Hinsz et al. 1997;Tindale and Kameda 2000;Ickes and Gonzalez 1994), consisting of multiple, limited working memories which can create a larger, more effective, collective working space.”
From An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks (2012) · cites this paper as Tindale and Kameda 2000

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Cognitive stimulation and interference in groups: Exposure effects in an idea generation task
Nijstad, B. A., Stroebe, W., & Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00500-0 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group Process
(2002) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1111/b.9781405106535.2002.x · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“…& Hastie, 1993, 1996), and this body of literature helped to crystallize the idea of groups as information-processing systems (Hinsz, Tindale, & Vollrath, 1997; Larson & Christensen, 1993) with “social sharedness” as an underlying theme (Kameda, Tindale, & Davis, in press; Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
Background
Old wine in a new bottle: Impact of membership change on group creativity
Choi, H., & Thompson, L. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.06.003 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Group information elaboration and group decision making: The role of shared task representations
van Ginkel, W. P., & van Knippenberg, D. (2007) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.005 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Team Reflexivity as an Antidote to Team Information-Processing Failures
Schippers, M. C., Edmondson, A. C., & West, M. A. (2014) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496414553473 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“Five procedural mechanisms have been shown to attenuate the common knowledge effect (Scott & Kameda, 2000): (1) giving the group more time to discuss (as opposed to time pressure), (2) allowing the group to have access to informational records during discussion, (3) instructing group members not to…”
BackgroundMethod
Task complexity as a driver for collaborative learning efficiency: The collective working-memory effect
Kirschner, F., Paas, F., & Kirschner, P. A. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1730 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“…held by each group member is consciously and actively shared (i.e., retrieving and explicating information), discussed (i.e., encoding and elaborating information) and remembered (i.e., personalizing and storing information) (Hinsz et al., 1997; Tindale & Kameda, 2000; Tindale & Sheffy, 2002).”
Background
The role of transformational leadership in enhancing team reflexivity
Schippers, M. C., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., & van Knippenberg, D. (2008) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708096639 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
How leader humility helps teams to be humbler, psychologically stronger, and more effective: A moderated mediation model
Rego, A., Owens, B. P., Leal, S. C. H., Melo, A. I., Cunha, M. P. E., Gonçalves, L. C., & Ribeiro, P. C. E. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.02.002 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“…such as ongoing interactions and coordinative dynamics, behavior modeling (Bandura, 1997), social and emotional contagion (Barsade, 2002; Dawkins et al., 2015), social sharedness (Tindale & Kameda, 2000), and mental model convergence (Mathieu, Heffner, Goodwin, Sales, & Cannon-Bowers, 2000).”
Background
Applying collaborative cognitive load theory to computer-supported collaborative learning: towards a research agenda
Janssen, J. J. H. M., & Kirschner, P. A. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-019-09729-5 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“CCLT considers groups of collaborative learners as information processing systems (cf. De Dreu et al. 2008; Tindale and Kameda 2000).”
Background
Making the Black Box of Collaborative Learning Transparent: Combining Process-Oriented and Cognitive Load Approaches
Janssen, J., Kirschner, F., Erkens, G., Kirschner, P. A., & Paas, F. (2010) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9131-x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“information) of valuable task-relevant information and knowledge held by each group member (Hinsz et al. 1997; Tindale and Kameda 2000; Tindale and Sheffey 2002).”
Background
The emergence of team creative cognition: the role of diverse outside ties, sociocognitive network centrality, and team evolution
Shalley, C. E., & Perry-Smith, J. E. (2008) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.40 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Social network analysis in the science of groups: Cross-sectional and longitudinal applications for studying intra- and intergroup behavior.
Wölfer, R., Faber, N. S., & Hewstone, M. (2015) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/gdn0000021 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“…systems that derive decisions based on the extent to which their members share cognitions or preferences (Mojzisch, Kerschreiter, Faulmüller, Vogelgesang, & Schulz-Hardt, 2014; Tindale & Kameda, 2000) implies that graph-level parameters in information networks serve as useful measures.”
Background
Differential effects of problem-solving demands on individual and collaborative learning outcomes
Kirschner, F., PAAS, F. G. W. C., Kirschner, P. A., & Janssen, J. J. H. M. (2011) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.01.001 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“…by each group member can be consciously and actively shared (i.e., retrieving and explicating information), discussed (i.e., encoding and elaborating information), and remembered (i.e., personalising and storing information) (Hinsz et al., 1997; Tindale & Kameda, 2000; Tindale & Sheffey, 2002).”
Background
The Catalyst Effect: The Impact of Transactive Memory System Structure on Team Performance
Mell, J. N., van Knippenberg, D., & van Ginkel, W. P. (2013) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2012.0589 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Stereotypes help people connect with others in the community: A situated functional analysis of the stereotype consistency bias in communication.
Clark, A. E., & Kashima, Y. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1028 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The Too-Much-Talent Effect: Team Interdependence Determines When More Talent Is Too Much or Not Enough
Swaab, R. I., Schaerer, M., Anicich, E. M., Ronay, R., & Galinsky, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614537280 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Information aggregation and collective intelligence beyond the wisdom of crowds
Kameda, T., Toyokawa, W., & Tindale, R. S. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00054-y · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ensuring Resident Competence: A Narrative Review of the Literature on Group Decision Making to Inform the Work of Clinical Competency Committees
Hauer, K. E., ten Cate, O., Boscardin, C., Iobst, W. F., Holmboe, E. S., Chesluk, B. J., Baron, R. B., & O’Sullivan, P. (2016) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-15-00144.1 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Group processes can be structured to invite diverse opinions and comments from all members.(5,41)”
BackgroundInfluential
Shared Information, Cognitive Load, and Group Memory
Tindale, R. S., & Sheffey, S. (2002) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430202005001535 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Shared Information,”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Shared Cognition as a Product of, and Precursor to, Shared Identity in Negotiations
Swaab, R. I., Postmes, T., van Beest, I., & Spears, R. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206294788 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Multiparty Negotiation Support: The Role of Visualization’s Influence on the Development of Shared Mental Models
Swaab, R. I., Postmes, T., Neijens, P. C., Kiers, M. H., & Dumay, A. C. M. (2002) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2002.11045708 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Based on the theoretical analysis above, a main objective of negotiation support could be to foster a common understanding among negotiators about the nature of problem, and possible solutions [31, 43, 45].”
Background
Shared and coordinated cognition in competitive and dynamic task environments: An information‐processing perspective for team sports
Reimer, T. O., Park, E. S., & Hinsz, V. B. (2006) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2006.9671804 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“…is a critical feature of information processing in groups that can strongly affect the outcome and performance of groups (Hinsz et al , 1997; Tindale & Kameda, 2000; Tindale, Meisenhelder, Dykema-Engblade, & Hogg, 2001) Research on teams finds that effective performance in dynamic…”
Background
Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity reduction through the anticipation of future interaction.
Insko, C. A., Schopler, J., Gaertner, L., Wildschut, T., Kozar, R., Pinter, B., Finkel, E. J., Brazil, D. M., Cecil, C. L., & Montoya, M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.95 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Tindale, Smith, Thomas, Filkins, and Sheffey (1996) had previously described such effects by referring to the impact of "shared representations." More recently, Tindale and Kameda (2000) introduced the term social sharedness to include not just shared "cognitions and cognitive processes" but also "attitudes, motives,…”
Groups perform better than the best individuals on letters-to-numbers problems: Informative equations and effective strategies.
Laughlin, P. R., Zander, M. L., Knievel, E. M., & Tan, T. K. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.684 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cognitions, Preferences, and Social Sharedness: Past, Present, and Future Directions in Group Decision Making
Kameda, T., Tindale, R. S., & Davis, J. H. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609978.016 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interfaces of social psychology with situated and embodied cognition
Semin, G. R., & Smith, E. R. (2002) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/s1389-0417(02)00049-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…this theme under a number of related terms including shared reality (Hardin & Higgins, 1996), socially shared cognition (Resnick et al., 1991; Levine et al., 1993), and group cognition (Tindale & Kameda, 2000; Kerr et al., 2000; Gigone & Hastie, 1997; see review by Thompson & Fine, 1999).”
Shared Cognition in Small Groups
Tindale, R. S., Meisenhelder, H. M., Dykema‐Engblade, A., & Hogg, M. A. (2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470998458.ch1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multi-step ranking of alternatives in a multi-criteria and multi-expert decision making environment
Tsiporkova, E., & Boeva, V. (2005) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2005.11.010 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“It was argued that much of the literature can be understood in relation to sharedness at both preference and cognitive level [18,33,35].”
Background
An observational user study for group recommender systems in the tourism domain
Delić, A., Neidhardt, J., Nguyen, T. N., & Ricci⋆, F. (2018) · Information Technology & Tourism · doi:10.1007/s40558-018-0106-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In Tindale and Kameda (2000) the importance of the discussion process, especially with respect to the information that is shared among group members is emphasized.”
Background
The Interactive Effects of Mood and Trait Negative Affect in Group Decision Making
van Knippenberg, D., Bode, H. J. M. K., & van Ginkel, W. P. (2009) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0461 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“…shows that the influence of cognition gains strength through social sharedness, i.e., the more there is similarity of cognition within the group (Tindale and Kameda 2000), and that this influence is even stronger when group members are aware of this similarity (van Ginkel and van Knippenberg…”
The Dynamics of Personal and Social Identity Formation
Postmes, T., Baray, G., Haslam, S. A., Morton, T. A., & Swaab, R. I. (2006) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446211946.n12 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Information behaviour meets social capital: a conceptual model
Widén‐Wulff, G., Ek, S., Ginman, M., Perttilä, R., Södergård, P., & Tötterman, A. (2008) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/0165551507084679 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“A number of studies have shown that knowledge richness and good access to the collective knowledge base are decisive for a member’s position in the group [31, 41].”
Background
Effects of group experience and information distribution on collaborative learning
Jimmy Zambrano, R., Kirschner, F., Sweller, J., & Kirschner, P. A. (2019) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-019-09495-0 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self‐managed learning groups in higher education: Students' perceptions of process and outcomes
Lizzio, A., & Wilson, K. L. (2005) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709905x25355 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Information Sampling and Confidence Within Groups and Judge Advisor Systems
Savadori, L., Swol, L. M. V., & Sniezek, J. A. (2001) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365001028006002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Collaboration Principle in Multimedia Learning
Jonassen, D. H., Lee, C. B., Yang, C.-C., & Laffey, J. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819.017 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Socially shared metacognition of pre-service primary teachers in a computer-supported mathematics course and their feelings of task difficulty: a case study
Hurme, T.-R., Merenluoto, K., & Järvelä, S. (2009) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803610903444659 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…interactions are assumed to be the sharing of ideas and procedures about how to handle a problem and the discussions about which alternative to follow if the current problem-solving approach fails to produce a workable solution (Iiskala, Vauras, & Lehtinen, 2004; Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
Background
Security practitioners in context: Their activities and interactions with other stakeholders within organizations
Werlinger, R., Hawkey, K., Botta, D., & Beznosov, K. (2009) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.03.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In the same vein of “social sharedness” (Tindale and Kameda 2000), shared representations (i.”
Background
The Language of Coalition Formation in Online Multiparty Negotiations
Huffaker, D. A., Swaab, R. I., & Diermeier, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x10387102 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Modeling the Metaverse: A Theoretical Model of Effective Team Collaboration in 3D Virtual Environments
van der Land, S. F., Schouten, A. P., van den Hooff, B., & Feldberg, F. (2011) · Journal of Virtual Worlds Research · doi:10.4101/jvwr.v4i3.6126 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
New Product Team Decision Making: Regulatory Focus Effects on Number, Type, and Timing Decisions*
Spanjol, J., Tam, L., Qualls, W. J., & Bohlmann, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00833.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Team Cognition: Process and Performance at the Inter- and Intra-Individual Level
Eduardo Salas, A., & Fiore, S. M. (2002) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120204600338 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Although the issues surrounding the application of cognition to teams are far fiom resolved, this movement has made substantial strides in generating testable hypotheses that articulate causal factors (cf. Hinsz et al., 1997; Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
Background
Group-level analysis on multiplayer game collaboration: how do the individuals shape the group interaction?
Bluemink, J., Hämäläinen, R., Manninen, T., & Järvelä, S. (2009) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820802602444 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The high amount of IOs and Rs could also indicate signiﬁcant reciprocity, which is also a central feature in collaboration and in reaching a shared understanding (Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
Background
Turning the Sword: How NPD Teams Cope with Front‐End Tensions
Andriopoulos, C., Gotsi, M., Lewis, M. W., & Ingram, A. (2017) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12423 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“individual motivational tendencies (Tindale and Kameda, 2000).”
Why team cognition? An overview.
Eduardo Salas, A., & Fiore, S. M. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10690-001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Team cognition and expert teams: Developing insights from cross –disciplinary analysis of exceptional teams
Fiore, S. M., & Eduardo Salas, A. (2006) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2006.9671803 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…& Vollrath, 1997; Larson & Christensen, 1993; Prietula, Carley, & Gasser, 1998; Stahl, 2006; Salas & Fiore, 2004; Thompson, Levine, & Messick, 1999; Tindale & Kameda, 2000) As our understanding of the team cognition construct matures we can now pursue the development of theoretically driven and…”
Background
How do small groups make decisions?: A theoretical framework to inform the implementation and study of clinical competency committees
Chahine, S., Cristancho, S., Padgett, J. J., & Lingard, L. A. (2017) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-017-0357-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“One of the earliest and most prominent approaches within the schema orientation is social decision scheme theory, which is essentially a rule or procedure (complete with a formula) that determines how groups combine their own preferences to achieve a collective group choice [24, 29, 30].”
Virtual Team Work
Schouten, A. P., van den Hooff, B., & Feldberg, F. (2013) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650213509667 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Group members are likely to process any information about the task at hand from a common viewpoint, which facilitates task performance, especially in decision-making and negotiation tasks (Swaab et al., 2002; Thompson & Fine, 1999; Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
Background
Happily putting the pieces together: A test of two explanations for the effects of mood on group‐level information processing
Bramesfeld, K. D., & Gasper, K. (2007) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712607x218295 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Integrating Culturally Responsive Group Work in Schools to Foster the Development of Career Aspirations among Marginalized Youth
Dari, T., Chan, C. D., & Re, J. D. (2021) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2020.1856255 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cohort Differences in Personal Goals and Life Satisfaction in Young Adulthood: Evidence for Historical Shifts in Developmental Tasks
Krings, F., Bangerter, A., Gomez, V., & Grob, A. (2008) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-008-9039-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The term social sharedness was originally introduced by Tindale and Kameda (2000) to capture the degree to which motives, preferences, and cognitions are shared within a group.”
Background
Culture and gender in entrepreneurial teams: the effect on team processes and outcomes
Santos, S. C., & Neumeyer, X. (2021) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-020-00432-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Social Identity Perspective on Small Groups
Abrams, D., Hogg, M. A., Hinkle, S., & Otten, S. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483328935.n4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Perceived Importance of Information: The Effects of Mentioning Information, Shared Information Bias, Ownership Bias, Reiteration, and Confirmation Bias
Swol, L. M. V. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207074730 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Statistically, information is more likely to be mentioned when it is shared because more group members can mention it (Stasser & Titus, 1985; Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
Background
Management in times of crisis: Can collective plans prepare teams to make and implement good decisions?
Thürmer, J., Wieber, F., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2020) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-08-2020-1088 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Procedural and Agenda Effects on Political Decisions by Small Groups
Kameda, T., Hulbert, L. G., & Tindale, R. S. (2002) · Social psychological applications to social issues · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0569-3_11 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Particularly when no "demonstrably correct" decision alternative exists (Laughlin & Ellis, 1986), the degree of consensus, or "social sharedness" (Kameda et at., in press; Tindale & Kameda, 2000 ) defines the correctness of the decision and leads to group adoption.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Decisions from experience: How groups and individuals adapt to change
Lejarraga, T., Lejarraga, J., & González, C. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0445-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“To address this issue, we examined two well-studied routine strategies: majority and unanimity (e.g., Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
Method
Observing Group Decision Making Processes
Delić, A., Neidhardt, J., Nguyen, T. N., Ricci⋆, F., Rook, L., Werthner, H., & Zanker, M. (2016) · ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys) · doi:10.1145/2959100.2959168 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“In [15], the authors have emphasized and demonstrated that “social sharedness”, the degree”
Background
Levels-based leadership and hierarchical group decision optimization: A simulation
Dionne, S. D., & Dionne, P. J. (2008) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Team Reflexivity and Innovation
Schippers, M. C., West, M. A., & Edmondson, A. C. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781118909997.ch20 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Collective aspirations: collective regulatory focus as a mediator between transformational and transactional leadership and team creativity
Dijk, D. V., Kark, R., Matta, F. K., & Johnson, R. E. (2020) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-020-09692-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Value first, cost later: Total value contribution as a new approach to sourcing decisions
Gray, J., Helper, S. R., & Osborn, B. (2020) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1002/joom.1113 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Superiority of collaborative learning with complex tasks: A research note on an alternative affective explanation
Kirschner, F., PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Kirschner, P. A. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“When collaborating learners are seen as information processing systems (Hinsz, Tindale, & Vollrath, 1997; Kirschner et al., 2009b; Tindale & Kameda, 2000), it can be argued that the processing of information necessary for carrying out a learning task can be distributed across multiple collaborating…”
Background
Violence in Ideological and Non‐Ideological Groups: A Quantitative Analysis of Qualitative Data1
Mumford, M. D., Bedell‐Avers, K. E., Hunter, S. T., Espejo, J., Eubanks, D. L., & Connelly, M. S. (2008) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00358.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Collaboration Principle in Multimedia Learning
Kirschner, P. A., Kirschner, F., & Janssen, J. J. H. M. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.027 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Reflective Practices to Study Group Dynamics: Implement Empowerment and Understand the Functioning of Groups
Rania, N., Coppola, I., & Pinna, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.786754 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“For example, teamwork in school requires many of the same skills as teamwork in the work environment, such as effective communication, brainstorming, collaboration, trust building, and conflict resolution (Tindale and Kameda, 2000).”
Background
The fundamental needs underlying social representations
Bonetto, É., & Monaco, G. L. (2018) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.06.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Are Relationally Transparent Leaders More Receptive to the Relational Transparency of Others? An Authentic Dialog Perspective
Rego, A., Cunha, M. P. E., & Giustiniano, L. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04792-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Teams as technology: strengths, weaknesses, and trade-offs in cognitive task performance
Hinsz, V. B. (2015) · Team Performance Management · doi:10.1108/tpm-02-2015-0006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Falsification cueing in collective reasoning: example of the Wason selection task
Augustinova, M. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.532 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The framework of social sharedness, which is a key concept for understanding group information processing (Tindale & Kameda, 2000; Tindale et al. 2001, see also Hinsz et al., 1997), suggests that effects of both the shared task representation and cue mentioning are contingent on the level of…”
BackgroundInfluential
Diversity Cognition and Climates
van Knippenberg, D., Homan, A. C., & van Ginkel, W. P. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0013 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Collaborative problem-solving with distributed information: The role of inferences from interdependent information
Deiglmayr, A., & Spada, H. (2010) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209342259 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…information, i.e., knowledge that is known to all members from the start, and neglect unshared information, i.e., knowledge that is known only to individual group members (for reviews, see Mojzisch & SchulzHardt, 2006; Stasser & Birchmeier, 2003; Tindale & Kameda, 2000; Wittenbaum, Hollingshead, &”
Background
The effects of ethical climate on group and individual level deception in negotiation
Stawiski, S. A., Tindale, R. S., & Dykema‐Engblade, A. (2009) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444060910974894 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Chapter 15 Research on Implicit Motives Across Cultures
Hofer, J. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The interplay between cognitive task complexity and user interaction in mobile collaborative training
Reychav, I., & Wu, D. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“From their perspective, groups of collaborating learners are considered to be information-processing systems (Hinsz, Tindale,& Vollrath, 1997; Ickes & Gonzalez, 1994; Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
Background
Good and bad group performance: Same process—different outcomes
Tindale, R. S., Smith, C. M., Dykema‐Engblade, A., & Kluwe, K. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430212454928 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…al, 2007; De Dreu, Nijstad, & von Kippenberg, 2008) our general argument is that most groups probably do not display either particularly good or poor process, but rather typically function under fairly basic social processes, one of which we refer to as social sharedness (Tindale & Kameda, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
REAL DECISIONS IN VIRTUAL WORLDS: TEAM COLLABORATION AND DECISION MAKING IN 3D VIRTUAL WORLDS
Schouten, A. P., van den Hooff, B., & Feldberg, F. (2010) · VU Research Portal · Cited by 22 · see citing works
An integrated model of socially shared regulation of learning: The role of metacognition, affect, and motivation
Singh, C. A., & Muis, K. R. (2024) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2023.2294881 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Tindale and Kameda (2000) proposed that groups collaborating on a task can be considered an information processing system that entails multiple working memories that create a collective working space.”
Can Contraries Prompt Intuition in Insight Problem Solving?
Branchini, E., Bianchi, I., Burro, R., Capitani, E., & Savardi, U. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01962 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Attention has been devoted to how groups process information and a key factor seems to be the high degree of social sharedness of information at group level (e.g., Larson and Christensen, 1993; Wittenbaum and Stasser, 1996; Tindale and Kameda, 2000; Tindale et al., 2001; Galinsky and Kray, 2004).”
Background
Heart to Heart: A Relation-Alignment Approach to Emotion’s Social Effects
Parkinson, B. (2021) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073921990733 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Differences between Minority, Majority, and Unanimous Group Members in the Communication of Information
Swol, L. M. V., & Seinfeld, E. (2006) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00008.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The effects of modulating contrast in verbal irony as a cue for giftedness
Bianchi, I., Canestrari, C., Roncoroni, A. M., Burro, R., Branchini, E., & Savardi, U. (2017) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2017-0028 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…at group level which enables group members to engage in inductive or deductive reasoning using information that individuals working alone tend to ignore (e.g. Larson and Christensen 1993; 396 Ivana Bianchi et al. Wittenbaum and Stasser 1996; Tindale and Kameda 2000; Tindale et al. 2001).”
Background
From Integrated Care to Integrating Care: A Conceptual Framework of Behavioural Processes Underlying Effective Collaboration in Care
Kee, K., Nies, H. L. G. R., van Wieringen, M., & Beersma, B. (2023) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.7446 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Information flow and influence in collective choice
Stasser, G. L., Abele, S., & Parsons, S. V. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430212453631 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Name-Letter-Effect in Groups: Sharing Initials with Group Members Increases the Quality of Group Work
Polman, E., Pollmann, M. M. H., & Poehlman, T. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079039 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In this paper, we are proposing a type of ‘‘social sharedness’’ hypothesis [22], but it is a type of sharedness that has yet to be examined.”
Method
Group decision-making from an evolutionary/adaptationist perspective
Tindale, R. S., & Kameda, T. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217708863 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
““Social sharedness” (Kameda, Tindale, & Davis, 2003; Tindale & Kameda, 2000) describes the general tendency that group behavior is often overly influenced by things the group members share.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Theory and Measurement of Expertise-Based Problem Solving in Organizational Teams: Revisiting Demonstrability
Bonner, B. L., Shannahan, D. B., Bain, K., Coll, K. A., & Meikle, N. L. (2021) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2021.1481 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
When Do Boards of Directors Contribute to Shareholder Value in Firms Targeted for Acquisition? A Group Information-Processing Perspective
Pavićević, S., Haleblian, J. M., & Keil, T. J. (2023) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2022.1643 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Visualizing the Invisible Nanoscale
Ruivenkamp, M., & Rip, A. (2010) · Science & Technology Studies · doi:10.23987/sts.55255 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Research Methods for Group Recommender System
Delić, A., Neidhardt, J., Nguyen, T. N., & Ricci⋆, F. (2016) · Open Research (University of Surrey) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Majority Decision-Making Works Best Under Conditions of Leadership Ambiguity and Shared Task Representations
Schippers, M. C., & Rus, D. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.519295 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…information and that this is all the more important for teams whose members are interdependent and need to make decisions based on unique information distributed within the team (cf. Scott and Kameda, 2000; van Ginkel et al., 2009; van Ginkel and van Knippenberg, 2012; Schippers et al., 2014).”
Background

Social sharedness" as a unifying theme for information processing
Tindale, R. S., & Kameda, T. (2015)
Self-citation
Shared Cognition and Group Learning
Tindale, R. S., Stawiski, S. A., & Jacobs, E. (2007) · doi:10.4324/9780203809747-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Shared Cognitions and Shared Theories: Telling More Than We Can Know by Ourselves?
Randolph-Seng, B., de Calvo, M. P. C., Zacchilli, T. L., & Cottle, J. L. (2010) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Socially-shared cognition and consensus in small groups
Levine, J. M. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.12.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Discussion of shared and unshared information in decision-making groups.
Larson, J. R., Foster-Fishman, P. G., & Keys, C. B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.446 · Cited by 319 · see citing works

Authors: Tindale, R. S., & Kameda, T.
Affiliations: Loyola University Chicago (US)
Hokkaido University (JP)
ORCID: Tindale, R. Scott
Kameda, Tatsuya
Venue: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2000-04
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 123-140
ISSN: 1368-4302 (ISSN-L)
1461-7188
DOI: 10.1177/1368430200003002002
OpenAlex: W1967353079
Cited by: 225
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 23.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Group Processes & Intergroup Relations (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords: small groups, group decision making, group problem solving, shared cognition, shared preferences, group identity

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‘Social Sharedness’ as a Unifying Theme for Information Processing in Groups

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