The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors.

Hinsz, Verlin B.; Tindale, R. Scott; Vollrath, David A.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.43

Cited by 1,428Team Dynamics and PerformanceInnovative Teaching and Learning MethodsSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors.

Hinsz, Verlin B., Tindale, R. Scott, Vollrath, David A.·1997·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.43

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Abstract

A selective review of research highlights the emerging view of groups as information processors. In this review, the authors include research on processing objectives, attention, encoding, storage, retrieval, processing, response, feedback, and learning in small interacting task groups. The groups as information processors perspective underscores several characteristic dimensions of variability in group performance of cognitive tasks, namely, commonality-uniqueness of information, convergence-diversity of ideas, accentuation-attenuation of cognitive processes, and belongingness-distinctiveness of members. A combination of contributions framework provides an additional conceptualization of information processing in groups. The authors also address implications, caveats, and questions for future research and theory regarding groups as information processors.

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Teams that elaborate on information focus attention on the task at hand rather than on the self.
“With regard to diagnosing information elaboration, research has shown that teams that elaborate on information focus attention on the task at hand rather than on the self (Hinsz et al., 1997).”
From Leading diversity: Towards a theory of functional leadership in diverse teams. (2020) · cites this paper as Hinsz et al., 1997
Collaborative learners can be considered as a single information processing system consisting of multiple limited working memories which can create a larger, more effective, collective working space.
“Collaborative learners can be considered as a single information processing system (Hinsz et al. 1997;Tindale and Kameda 2000;Ickes and Gonzalez 1994), consisting of multiple, limited working memories which can create a larger, more effective, collective working space.”
From An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks (2012) · cites this paper as Hinsz et al. 1997

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Reicher, S. D., & Levine, M. (1994) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01015.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Improving the quality of group judgment: Social judgment analysis and the Delphi technique
Rohrbaugh, J. (1979) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(79)90017-5 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Collective versus individual induction: Recognition of truth, rejection of error, and collective information processing.
Laughlin, P. R., VanderStoep, S. W., & Hollingshead, A. B. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.50 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Back to the Future: Social Psychological Research on Groups
Moreland, R. L., Hogg, M. A., & Hains, S. C. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1994.1025 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Reference groups, membership groups, and attitude change.
Siegel, A. E., & Siegel, S. (1957) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041502 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Sociocognition in Work Groups
Gruenfeld, D. H., & Hollingshead, A. B. (1993) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496493243006 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Intergroup relations and polarization of individual and collective judgments.
Doise, W. (1969) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027571 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Personal Reference Scale: An Approach to Social Judgment
Upshaw, H. S. (1969) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60081-7 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Members of great teams think alike: A model of team effectiveness and schema similarity among team members.
Rentsch, J. R., & Hall, R. J. (1994) · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Improving the quality of group judgment: Social judgment analysis and the nominal group technique
Rohrbaugh, J. (1981) · Organizational Behavior and Human Performance · doi:10.1016/0030-5073(81)90025-8 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
"Social" Cognition and Social Cognition: From the Subjective to the Intersubjective
Ickes, W., & Gonzalez, R. (1994) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496494252008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Cognitive Factors Affecting the Use of Social Decision Heuristics in Resource-Sharing Tasks
Samuelson, C. D., & Allison, S. T. (1994) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1994.1027 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Decision-making in the Cockpit
Orasanu, J. M. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315095080-6 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
On the consequences of deindividuation manipulations for the strategic communication of self: Identifiability and the presentation of social identity
Reicher, S. D., & Levine, M. (1994) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420240408 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Psychological Set and Social Conformity1
Thibaut, J. W., & Strickland, L. H. (1956) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1956.tb01292.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The influence of member status differences and task type on group consensus and member position change.
Kirchler, E. M., & Davis, J. H. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.83 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The function of the reference point in individual and group risk decision making
Kameda, T., & Davis, J. H. (1990) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(90)90022-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Are two heads better than one? Experimental investigations of the social facilitation of memory
Meudell, P. R., Hitch, G. J., & Kirby, P. (1992) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350060606 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Dynamics of group decisions
Brandstätter, H., Davis, J. H., & Schuler, H. (1978) · OPUS (Augsburg University) · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Role of Communication in Group Decision-Making Efficacy
Hirokawa, R. Y. (1990) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496490212003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Alternative conceptions of social facilitation.
Geen, R. G. (1989) · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Group Decision Making and Quantitative Judgments: A Consensus Model
Davis, J. H. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9781315806372-10 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Memory performance by decision-making groups and individuals
Vollrath, D. A., Sheppard, B. H., Hinsz, V. B., & Davis, J. H. (1989) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(89)90040-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
Framing Effects and Choice Shifts in Group Decision Making
Paese, P. W., Bieser, M., & Tubbs, M. E. (1993) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1049 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Strategic Decision-Making Tasks and Group Effectiveness: Insights from Theory and Research on Small Group Performance
Milliken, F. J., & Vollrath, D. A. (1991) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679104401201 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
The group as a self‐active system: Outline of a theory of group action
von Cranach, M., Ochsenbein, G., & Valach, L. (1986) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420160302 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Group vs individual information processing: The effects of outcome feedback on decision making
Tindale, R. S. (1989) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(89)90019-8 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citation
Attributing the causes of group performance: Effects of performance quality, task importance, and future testing1
Forsyth, D. R., & Schlenker, B. R. (1977) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1977.tb00148.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Deindividuation and the self-regulation of behavior.
Prentice‐Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (1989) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Some social psychological effects of group decision rules.
Miller, C. E., Jackson, P., Mueller, J., & Schersching, C. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.2.325 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Speaking turns in face-to-face discussions.
Stasser, G. L., & Taylor, L. A. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.675 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A Theory of Collective Induction
Laughlin, P. R., & Hollingshead, A. B. (1995) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1995.1008 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Symbolic Convergence Theory and Communication in Group Decision Making
Bormann, E. G. (1996) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452243764.n4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Psychological entrapment in group decision making: An assigned decision rule and a groupthink phenomenon.
Kameda, T., & Sugimori, S. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.282 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Small group communication research of the 1980s: A synthesis and critique
Cragan, J. F., & Wright, D. W. (1990) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510979009368305 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Attributions of responsibility for collective endeavors.
Leary, M. R., & Forsyth, D. R. (1987) · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Toward a general model of small group productivity.
Shiflett, S. C. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.1.67 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mathematical Methods in Small Group Processes.
Rapoport, A., Criswell, J. H., Solomon, H., & Suppes, P. (1963) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2282732 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The base-rate fallacy: Contrasting processes and outcomes of group and individual judgment
Argote, L., Devadas, R., & Melone, N. P. (1990) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(90)90034-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cognitive effort in additive task groups: The effects of shared responsibility on the quality of multiattribute judgments
Weldon, E., & Gargano, G. M. (1985) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(85)90004-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Improving group performance by training in individual problem solving.
Bottger, P. C., & Yetton, P. (1987) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.4.651 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Procedural influence in small-group decision making: Deliberation style and assigned decision rule.
Kameda, T. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.245 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-Attention Theory: The Effects of Group Composition on the Individual
Mullen, B. R. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Framing and Group Decision-Making: Do Cognitive Changes Parallel Preference Changes?
Tindale, R. S., Sheffey, S., & Scott, L. A. (1993) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1993.1040 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citation
EFFECTS OF DISTRIBUTION OF FEEDBACK IN WORK GROUPS.
Barr, S. H., & Conlon, E. J. (1994) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256703 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Persuasive Arguments Theory, Group Polarization, and Choice Shifts
Hinsz, V. B., & Davis, J. H. (1984) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167284102012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social decision schemes under risk.
Davis, J. H., Kerr, N. L., Sussmann, M., & Rissman, A. K. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036617 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Changes in group members' decision preferences during discussion: An illustration with mock juries.
Davis, J. H., Stasser, G. L., Spitzer, C. E., & Holt, R. W. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1177 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Minority and majority influence in freely interacting groups: Qualitative versus quantitative differences
Smith, C. M., Tindale, R. S., & Dugoni, B. L. (1996) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01088.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Decision errors made by individuals and groups.
Tindale, R. S. (1993) · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of anxiety on impression formation in a group context: An anxiety-assimilation hypothesis
Wilder, D. A., & Shapiro, P. N. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(89)90002-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Social judgment analysis and small group decision making: Cognitive feedback effects on individual and collective performance
Harmon, J. I., & Rohrbaugh, J. (1990) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(90)90021-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Signal Detection Analysis of the Ideal Group
Sorkin, R. D., & Dai, H. (1994) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1994.1072 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Information choice and cue use: An experiment in group information processing.
Chalos, P., & Pickard, S. (1985) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.70.4.634 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Social uncertainty and interdependence: A study of resource allocation decisions in groups
Sniezek, J. A., May, D. R., & Sawyer, J. E. (1990) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(90)90027-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Individual and group goals.
Mackie, D. M., & Goethals, G. R. (1987) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cognitive and social processes in decision making.
Hastie, R., & Pennington, N. (1991) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10096-013 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mental Models of Groups as Social Systems
Hinsz, V. B. (1995) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496495262003 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impact of group consensus and social support on stimulus meaning: Mediation of conformity by cognitive restructuring.
Allen, V. L., & Wilder, D. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077719 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Groups as mixed motive negotiations
Bazerman, M. H., Mannix, E., & Thompson, L. (1988) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Exposure to dissent and recall of information.
Nemeth, C. J., Mayseless, O., Sherman, J. W., & Brown, Y. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.3.429 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Developmental Processes in Group Decision Making
Poole, M. S., & Baldwin, C. L. (1996) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452243764.n8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Some social mechanics of group decision making: The distribution of opinion, polling sequence, and implications for consensus.
Davis, J. H., Kameda, T., Parks, C. D., Stasson, M. F., & Zimmerman, S. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1000 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Note on Group Judgements and Group Size
Zajonc, R. B. (1962) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872676201500206 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Quality of Group Decisions, Group Verbal Behavior, and Intervention
Innami, I. (1994) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1994.1092 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The influencing process in group decision making.
Kaplan, M. F. (1987) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of being observed on short- and long-term recall.
Geen, R. G. (1973) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035494 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Individual and Group Feedback and Performance: An Attributional Perspective
Tindale, R. S., Kulik, C. T., & Scott, L. A. (1991) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1201_4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Individual-to-group and group-to-individual transfer in problem solving.
Laughlin, P. R., & Sweeney, J. D. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.3.2.246 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Effects of Dyadic Discussion on Earwitness Recall
Yarmey, A. D. (1992) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1302_8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Emergence of Organizational Attributions: The Role of a Shared Cognitive Schema
Moussavi, F., & Evans, D. A. (1993) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639301900106 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Measuring Small Group Process
Fuhriman, A. J., & Burlingame, G. M. (1994) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496494254005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Quantitative Decisions by Groups and Individuals: Voting Procedures and Monetary Awards by Mock Civil Juries
Davis, J. H., Stasson, M. F., Parks, C. D., Hulbert, L. G., Kameda, T., Zimmerman, S. K., & Ono, K. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1993.1015 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A comparison of the behavioral rating accuracy of groups and individuals.
Martell, R. F., & Borg, M. R. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.43 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

What's the difference? diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations
Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.26586096 · Cited by 3,147 · see citing works
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams
Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Ilgen, D. R. (2006) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00030.x · Cited by 2,623 · see citing works
“Recent theoretical work by Ellis and Bell (2005) that conceptualizes team learning as a form of information processing (Hinsz et al., 1997) involving key conditions of capacity, collaboration, and commonality may also be useful in elaborating a process view.”
Background
Team Effectiveness 1997-2007: A Review of Recent Advancements and a Glimpse Into the Future
Mathieu, J. E., Maynard, M. T., Rapp, T. L., & Gilson, L. L. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206308316061 · Cited by 2,424 · see citing works
Work group diversity and group performance: an integrative model and research agenda.
van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Homan, A. C. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1008 · Cited by 2,911 · see citing works
“Because the focus is on group-level elaboration (Hinsz et al., 1997), elaboration may in part be inferred from behavioral data that may for instance be obtained through audio–video recording of task groups.”
Background
Is there a “Big Five” in Teamwork?
Salas, E., Sims, D. E., & Burke, C. S. (2005) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496405277134 · Cited by 1,930 · see citing works
Work Group Diversity
van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M. C. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085546 · Cited by 2,200 · see citing works
Group Performance and Decision Making
Kerr, N. L., & Tindale, R. S. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142009 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
“Such work illustrates a broader shift of attention away from the suboptimality of performance groups and toward a distinctive and novel brand of “social cognition”—viz. the effects of group contexts upon cognition (Levine et al. 1993, Hinsz et al. 1997, Larson & Christensen 1993).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
What Differences Make a Difference?: The Promise and Reality of Diverse Teams in Organizations
Mannix, E., & Neale, M. A. (2005) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2005.00022.x · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
“While those are incredibly important topics in their own right, we focus here on the effects and implications of diversity (broadly defined) for team interaction and performance.”
Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & DeChurch, L. A. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013773 · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works
“Empirical studies examining biased information sampling have essentially examined what Hinsz, Tindale, and Vollrath (1997) described as the commonality– uniqueness dimension of IS, or " variability in how many group members have access to a piece of information " (p. 54).”
EMERGENCE OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCE: A MULTILEVEL MODEL.
Ployhart, R. E., & Moliterno, T. P. (2011) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2009.0318 · Cited by 1,265 · see citing works
Coordinating Expertise in Software Development Teams
Faraj, S., & Sproull, L. (2000) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.46.12.1554.12072 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
On Teams, Teamwork, and Team Performance: Discoveries and Developments
Salas, E., Cooke, N. J., & Rosen, M. A. (2008) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872008x288457 · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
“In general, team cognition research characterizes teams as information-processing units ( Hinsz, Tindale, & Vollrath, 1997 ).”
Background
Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: Scale development and validation.
Lewis, K. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.587 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
“Coordinated action depends on members having a good understanding of who has what knowledge and how that knowledge fits together (Cannon-Bowers et al., 1993; Hinsz, Tindale, & Vollrath, 1997 ), and this understanding evolves as members develop the specialized knowledge and credibility perceptions characteristic of fun…”
Background
The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: A meta-analysis.
DeChurch, L. A., & Mesmer‐Magnus, J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017328 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Team leadership
Zaccaro, S. J., Rittman, A. L., & Marks, M. A. (2001) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00093-5 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
“These functions reflect in part the ''combination of contributions'' processes that fundamentally underlie small group performance (Hinsz et al., 1997; Steiner, 1972).”
Background
Crowdsourcing New Product Ideas over Time: An Analysis of the Dell IdeaStorm Community
Bayus, B. L. (2012) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1120.1599 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
“Activity Research generally recognizes that interaction and idea exchange among individuals can facilitate the retrieval of relevant and diverse knowledge during the idea generation process (Hinsz et al. 1997, Kohn and Smith 2011).”
Background
The Relationship Context of Human Behavior and Development
Reis, H. T., Collins, W. A., & Berscheid, E. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.844 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Idea Generation in Groups: A Basis for Creativity in Organizations
Paulus, P. B., & Yang, H.-C. (2000) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2888 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Team Diversity and Information Use
Dahlin, K. B., Weingart, L. R., & Hinds, P. J. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.19573112 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Leadership capacity in teams
Day, D. V., Gronn, P., & Eduardo Salas, A. (2004) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.001 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
A Healthy Divide: Subgroups as a Stimulus for Team Learning Behavior
Gibson, C. B., & Vermeulen, F. (2003) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3556657 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Designing for Virtual Communities in the Service of Learning
(2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805080 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Small Group and Individual Learning with Technology: A Meta-Analysis
Lou, Y., Abrami, P. C., & d’Apollonia, S. (2001) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543071003449 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Bridging faultlines by valuing diversity: Diversity beliefs, information elaboration, and performance in diverse work groups.
Homan, A. C., van Knippenberg, D., Van Kleef, G. A., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1189 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia
Kittur, A., & Kraut, R. E. (2008) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/1460563.1460572 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with others' Inner States about the World
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Levine, J. M. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x · Cited by 676 · see citing works
The Collective Construction of Work Group Moods
Bartel, C. A., & Saavedra, R. (2000) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667070 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
“Groups tend to share common information more than unique information, demonstrate consistency in the procedures used to process information, and, thus, produce more accurate judgments than individuals (Hinsz, Tindale, and Vollrath, 1997).”
Background
How the Group Affects the Mind: A Cognitive Model of Idea Generation in Groups
Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_1 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science
National Research Council (2015) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/19007 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Motivated Information Processing in Group Judgment and Decision Making
De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307304092 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
“In their ground-breaking review on groups as information processors, Hinsz et al. (1997) noted that they did not consider motivational influences and recommended that others should examine these issues further.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
<i>A Behavioral Theory of the Firm</i>—40 Years and Counting: Introduction and Impact
Argote, L., & Greve, H. R. (2007) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1070.0280 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
“Although there was a rich body of research on group decision making in psychology (e.g., see Davis 1973, Hinsz et al. 1997, Kerr et al. 1996, Stasser and Titus 1985), that work has primarily been conducted in the laboratory where small groups come together for brief periods and members do not have…”
Background
A Multiple-Goal, Multilevel Model of Feedback Effects on the Regulation of Individual and Team Performance.
DeShon, R. P., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Schmidt, A. M., Milner, K. R., & Wiechmann, D. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1035 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Measuring Team Knowledge
Cooke, N. J., Eduardo Salas, A., Cannon‐Bowers, J. A., & Stout, R. J. (2000) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872000779656561 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
“…the use of the word team, as described previously, restricts the problem domain to knowledge possessed by teams as opposed to dyads or groups in general, which are the targets for related work such as common ground in discourse (Clark, 1994) and group information processing (Hinsz & Tindale, 1997).”
Background
Confronting failure: antecedents and consequences of shared beliefs about failure in organizational work groups
Cannon, M. D., & Edmondson, A. C. (2001) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.85 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
A Multilevel Model of Team Goal Orientation, Information Exchange, and Creativity
Gong, Y., Kim, T., Lee, D.-R., & Zhu, J. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0177 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Recognizing and Utilizing Expertise in Work Groups: A Status Characteristics Perspective
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Authors: Hinsz, V. B., Tindale, R. S., & Vollrath, D. A.
Affiliations: North Dakota State University (US)
ORCID: Hinsz, Verlin B.
Tindale, R. Scott
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997
Volume: 121
Issue: 1
Pages: 43-64
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.43
OpenAlex: W2029057170
Cited by: 1,428
References: 219
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 109
FWCI: 37.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: group cognition, small group interaction, attention, encoding and retrieval, group learning, feedback
MeSH terms: Attention, Cognition, Group Processes, Humans, Mental Processes, Problem Solving, Mental Recall, Social Identification

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The emerging conceptualization of groups as information processors.

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