The Curious Eclipse of Prison Ethnography in the Age of Mass Incarceration
Abstract
This article first takes the reader inside the Los Angeles County Jail, the largest detention facility in the `Free World', to give a ground-level sense of how the entry portal of the US detention system operates by way of prelude to this special issue on the ethnography of the prison. A survey of the recent sociology and anthropology of carceral institutions shows that field studies depicting the everyday world of inmates in America have gone into eclipse just when they were most needed on both scientific and political grounds following the turn toward the penal management of poverty and the correlative return of the prison to the forefront of the societal scene. Accordingly, this issue seeks to reinvigorate and to internationalize the ethnography of the carceral universe understood both as a microcosm endowed with its own material and symbolic tropism and as vector of social forces, political nexi, and cultural processes that traverse its walls. Field researchers need to worry less about `interrupting the terms of the debate' about the prison and more about getting inside and around penal facilities to carry out intensive, close-up observation of the myriad relations they contain and support. This article discusses the obstacles to such research, including questions of access and funding, the professional organization of academe, the lowly social and therefore scientific status of the object of investigation, and the (mis)use of the military metaphor of `collateral damage'. It concludes by suggesting that getting `in and out of the belly of the beast' offers a unique vantage point from which to contribute to the comparative ethnography of the state in the age of triumphant neoliberalism.
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Haggerty, K. D., & Bucerius, S. M. (2020) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12263 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Resistance or friction: Understanding the significance of prisoners’ secondary adjustments
Rubin, A. T. (2014) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480614543320 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Given the challenges of archival data and the difficulty of gaining access to contemporary US prisons (Simon, 2000; Wacquant, 2002),1 this evidentiary weakness is especially likely and understandable.”
BackgroundPyrooz, D. C., & Decker, S. H. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653473 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Moran, D., & Jewkes, Y. (2015) · Annales de Géographie · doi:10.3917/ag.702.0163 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Skarbek, D. B. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190672492.001.0001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
da Cunha, M. I. P. (2008) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/1466138108094974 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“A prominent exception to this approach is Wacquant (1999, 2001, 2002), who inscribes them both in the dynamics of the regulation of post-Fordist poverty and the neoliberal transformation of the state over the past two decades, thereby providing an analytic framework wherein prison and lower-class…”
BackgroundPrisoners and their victims: Techniques of neutralization, techniques of the self
Ugelvik, T. (2012) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/1466138111435447 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Crossing Borders and Criminalizing Identity: The Disintegrated Subjects of Administrative Sanctions
Reiter, K., & Coutin, S. B. (2017) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12281 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Phillips, C. (2012) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474511424683 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Control and choice in English prisons: developing health-promoting prisons
Woodall, J., Dixey, R., & South, J. (2013) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dat019 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“This finding resonates with the views of Wacquant [(Wacquant, 2002), p.”
Doing research in immigration removal centres: Ethics, emotions and impact
Bosworth, M., & Këllezi, B. (2016) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895816646151 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ramen Politics: Informal Money and Logics of Resistance in the Contemporary American Prison
Gibson-Light, M. (2018) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1007/s11133-018-9376-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The effect of prison gang membership on recidivism
Dooley, B. D., Seals, A., & Skarbek, D. B. (2014) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.002 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“One sociologist has recently lamented the fact that detailed studies of “the everyday world of inmates in America have gone into eclipse just when they were most needed on both scientific and political grounds” (Wacquant, 2002: 371; also Simon, 2000).”
BackgroundSituating the Self in Prison Research
Rowe, A. (2014) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800413515830 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Being “on Point”: Exploring the Stress-related Experiences of Incarceration
Porter, L. C. (2018) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869318771439 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mitchell, S. G., Kelly, S. M., Brown, B. S., Reisinger, H. S., Peterson, J. A., Ruhf, A., Agar, M., & Schwartz, R. P. (2009) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2009.10399907 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“While there have been ethnographic studies conducted on various aspects of incarceration (Crewe 2006; Rhodes 2002; Wacquant 2002), l imited research appears to exist which examines heroin or methadone withdrawal experi ences during incarceration or their effects on inmates ' plans and attitudes towards treatment-seek…”
BackgroundSouth, J., Bagnall, A.-M., Hulme, C., Woodall, J., Longo, R., Dixey, R., Kinsella, K., Raine, G., Vinall-Collier, K., & Wright, J. (2014) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr02350 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Farrant, F. (2014) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800413516271 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, criminology—the discipline we would expect to have most to say about such issues—is consistently accused of failing to offer such insights (Christie, 1997; Jefferson, 2002; Liebling, 2004; Maruna, 1997; Wacquant, 2002).”
BackgroundWomen's survival post-imprisonment: Connecting imprisonment with pains past and present
Carlton, ., & Segrave, M. (2011) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474511422174 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Inside the Pyramid of Disputes
Calavita, K., & Jenness, V. (2013) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2013.60.1.50 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Prison Research From the Inside
Newbold, G., Ross, J. I., Jones, R. S., Richards, S., & Lenza, M. (2014) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800413516269 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Granja, R. (2016) · Probation Journal · doi:10.1177/0264550516648394 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The effects of imprisonment are mediated by a number of pre-existing conditions, deeply rooted in pre-existing social inequalities (Wacquant, 2002).”
BackgroundThe moving targets of penal abolitionism: ICOPA, past, present and future
Piché, J., & Larsen, M. (2010) · Contemporary Justice Review · doi:10.1080/10282580.2010.517964 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…along with other observers, “failed to realize that, far from being fated to recede into the societal background to make room for dispersed disciplines, the prison was here to stay right alongside them – indeed, it was about to grow to proportions never before envisioned” (Wacquant, 2002, p. 384).”
BackgroundCrewe, B. (2020) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474520952153 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“These terms partly communicated the experience of being, at best, restricted to a highly constrained physical environment, and, at worst, the tomb-like quality of being locked in a cell with very limited access to natural light or elements (Wacquant, 2002).”
BackgroundPhillips, C. (2008) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480608093309 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Venezuelan prison: from neoliberalism to the Bolivarian revolution
Antillano, A., Pojomovsky, I., Zubillaga, V., et al. (2015) · Crime Law and Social Change · doi:10.1007/s10611-015-9576-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Organizational Body Work: Efforts to Shape Human Bodies in Organizations
Lawrence, T. B., Schlindwein, E. K., Jalan, R., & Heaphy, E. D. (2022) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2021.0047 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Fuentes, C. M. (2013) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1111/maq.12058 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Jenness, V. (2010) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/0891241610375823 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Despite the unprecedented growth of the correctional population in the U.S., especially the massive increases in incarceration rates since the early 1970s, there has been a discernable decline in scholarly attention to life inside prison walls (Simon 2000; Wacquant 2002).”
Background“It Depends on the Outcome”: Prisoners, Grievances, and Perceptions of Justice
Jenness, V., & Calavita, K. (2018) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12312 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Many scholars have lamented the difficulties of accessing prisons as research sites and the subsequent paucity of in-prison research (Goodman 2008; Simon 2000; Wacquant 2002).”
BackgroundGenocidal carcerality and Indian residential schools in Canada
Woolford, A. J., & Gacek, J. (2016) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474516641375 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“There is now more emphasis on spatiality within the ‘punitive turn’ (Wacquant, 2002), which demands considerable understanding of the spaces that exist as both carceral and cultural geographical sites.”
BackgroundPolitically Sensitive Encounters: Ethnography, Access, and the Benefits of “Hanging Out”
Browne, B. C., & McBride, R. (2015) · Qualitative Sociology Review · doi:10.18778/1733-8077.11.1.02 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…across the world have been experienced as inaccessible, opaque, and constraining environments by researchers who have had to negotiate risk adverse ethical review committees, challenges of influential gatekeepers, and strict security procedures (see: Rhodes 2001; Wacquant 2002; Waldram 2009).”
BackgroundWhat Do We Mean By a “Hard-to-reach” Population? Legitimacy Versus Precarity as Barriers to Access
Ellis, R. (2021) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124121995536 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Earle, R. (2014) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800413515832 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Wacquant (2002) suggests that we recognize the prison as a “template or vector of broader social forces, political nexi, and cultural processes that traverse its walls” (p. 386).”
BackgroundRace and Punishment in American Prisons
Olson, J. (2016) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muw026 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Competing for Control: Gangs and the Social Order of Prisons
Pyrooz, D. C., & Decker, S. H. (2019) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Liminality revisited: Mapping the emotional adaptations of women in carceral space
Jewkes, Y., & Laws, B. (2020) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474520959623 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…is also a womb’; an apt description in the context of imprisonment, with all its connotations of ‘concrete womb’ (Watterson, 1973), tomb-like burial (Wacquant, 2002), a liminal ‘antechamber of death’ (Fludernik, 2019), ‘mortification’ (Goffman, 1961), ‘civil death’ (Liebling, 2009) and bare…”
BackgroundContinuity in the Face of Penal Innovation: Revisiting the History of American Solitary Confinement
Rubin, A. T., & Reiter, K. (2017) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/lsi.12330 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Violence and the perceived risks of taking antiretroviral therapy in US jails and prisons
Culbert, G. J. (2014) · International Journal of Prisoner Health · doi:10.1108/ijph-05-2013-0020 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript however, is difficult (Rhodes, 2009; Wacquant, 2002).”
BackgroundHealth Impact of Incarceration on HIV-Positive African American Males: A Qualitative Exploration
Brinkley‐Rubinstein, L., & Turner, W. L. (2013) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2012.0457 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“11 Whereas some research has demonstrated that in-carceration healthcare can be stabilizing or provide care that would have not otherwise been attained, 12 there is still a need to investigate the ways in which the healthcare system within correctional facilities impacts HIV positive individuals.”
The Consequences of Prisoners' Micro-Resistance
Rubin, A. T. (2015) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/lsi.12158 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Inside ‘the Carceral’: Girls and Young Women in the Scottish Criminal Justice System
Schliehe, A. K. (2013) · Scottish Geographical Journal · doi:10.1080/14702541.2013.838639 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Ethics of Research with Prisoners
Roberts, L. D., & Indermaur, D. (2008) · Current Issues in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/10345329.2008.12036436 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Wacquant (2002) decried the declining conduct of prison ethnographies (particularly in the US) at a time when the use of imprisonment is rapidly increasing.”
BackgroundYoga in Penitentiary Settings: Transcendence, Spirituality, and Self-Improvement
Griera, M. (2017) · Human Studies · doi:10.1007/s10746-016-9404-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gooch, K., & Treadwell, J. (2020) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azaa019 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“In 2005, and like others before him (Simon, 2000; Wacquant, 2002), Ben Crewe lamented:”
BackgroundMothering From Prison and Ideologies of Intensive Parenting
Granja, R., da Cunha, M. I. P., & Machado, H. (2014) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x14533541 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Family contacts are defined as a privilege of prisoners rather than a right of the family as a whole (Farrell, 1998; Wacquant, 2002).”
BackgroundReligion’s Multiple Locations in Prisons: Germany, Italy and Switzerland
Becci, I. (2011) · Archives de sciences sociales des religions · doi:10.4000/assr.22748 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“VUILLE Joelle, KUHN André, 2010, “L'exercice de la liberté de conscience et de croyance dans les établissements de privation de liberté en Suisse”, Jusletter, 12th April. weblaw.ch. WACQUANT Loïc, 2002, “The curious eclipse of prison ethnography in the age of mass incarceration”, Ethnography, 3-4, pp. 371-397.”
BackgroundSchept, J. (2013) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480612463113 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“As such, the present article takes up Rhodes’s (2001: 75) claim, which Wacquant (2002) dismisses, that ‘the most pressing need for the study of prisons is to challenge the terms of the discourse that frames and supports them’.”
BackgroundResearch in carceral contexts: confronting access barriers and engaging former prisoners
Watson, T. M., & van der Meulen, E. (2018) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794117753353 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Carceral Geographies from Inside Prison Gates: The Micro‐Politics of Everyday Racialisation
Bloch, S., & Olivares‐Pelayo, E. A. (2021) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12727 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Scholars have identified “an exodus of social scientists from prisons and other penal environments” (Goodman 2008), employing the metaphor of an “eclipse” and even an “extinction” to describe the reduction in qualitative prison research (Wacquant 2002).”
BackgroundDeveloping Convict Criminology Beyond North America
Ross, J. I., Darke, S., Aresti, A., et al. (2014) · International Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/1057567714531484 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“More recently, in contrast to the U.S. experience (Wacquant, 2002), there has been a growing current of rich qualitative and ethnographic studies of prison life within British criminology (see, e.g., Crewe, 2009; Drake, 2012; Drake et al., in press; Phillips, 2012; ), some of which has focused on…”
BackgroundResultConvict Criminology and the Struggle for Inclusion
Ross, J. I., Jones, R. S., Lenza, M., & Richards, S. (2016) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-016-9332-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mitchell, M. M., Pyrooz, D. C., & Decker, S. H. (2020) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2020.1772851 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Mass incarceration shifted the focus of correctional research from prison experiences to prison order, such as overcrowding, riots, and violence (DiIulio 1987; Jacobs 1977; Kreager and Kruttschnitt 2018; Simon 2000; Wacquant 2002).”
BackgroundSutton, J. E. (2011) · Qualitative Sociology Review · doi:10.18778/1733-8077.07.2.02 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Accomplishing the Difficult but Not Impossible
Jenness, V., Maxson, C. L., Sumner, J. M., et al. (2009) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403409341451 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This state of affairs is not a result of lack of interest on the part of researchers or because the topic of life inside prison has receded in importance (Simon, 2000; Sparks, 2002; Wacquant, 2002).”
BackgroundInside a maximum-security juvenile training school
Inderbitzin, M. (2007) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474507077492 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Impact of Relaxing Music on Prisoners’ Levels of Anxiety and Anger
Bensimon, M., Einat, T., & Gilboa, A. (2013) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x13511587 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Wacquant ethnographically analyzed the Los Angeles County Men’s Jail and emphasized its “deafening and disorienting noise” (Wacquant, 2002, p. 373).”
BackgroundFinding Foreigners: Race and the Politics of Memory in British Prisons
Kaufman, E. (2012) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.1722 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Punishing Fieldwork: Penal Domination and Prison Ethnography
Gibson-Light, M., & Seim, J. (2020) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/0891241620932982 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Redemption and reproach: Religion and carceral control in action among women in prison
Ellis, R. (2020) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12258 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Gendering Transnational Criminality: The Case of Women’s Imprisonment in Peru
Boutron, C., & Constant, C. (2013) · Signs · doi:10.1086/670827 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“1 See Aguirre ð1995, 2003Þ, Pérez Guadalupe ð2000Þ, Wacquant ð2002Þ, and Combessie ð2004Þ.”
BackgroundReiter, K., & Koenig, A. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137441157 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Smith, H. P. (2012) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511253.2012.660172 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It is just for this reason, that in the future the educator will also be an active participant in society” (Vygotsky, 1997, pp. 345-346).”
BackgroundGender, Welfare, and States of Punishment
Haney, L. A. (2004) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Inderbitzin, M. (2007) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x06291462 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Correctional Officers and the Incarcerated Mentally Ill: Responses to Psychiatric Illness in Prison
Galanek, J. D. (2014) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1111/maq.12137 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript (Clemmer 1940; Irwin 1970; Rhodes 2001; Sykes 1958; Wacquant 2002).”
Background
- Authors
- Wacquant, L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley Centre de sociologie européenne du Collège de France
- Venue
- Ethnography
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 371-397
- ISSN
- 1466-1381 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2714
- OpenAlex
- W2160235667
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ethnography (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Keywords
- prison ethnography, mass incarceration, Los Angeles County jail, carceral institutions, research funding, academic professionalization, neoliberalism
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