Punishment Beyond the Legal Offender
Open accessAbstract
In the United States, lawbreakers are treated as social isolates, and the sentences imposed upon them are conceived of as affecting a discrete individual. However, people who commit or are suspected of committing crimes are generally embedded in kinship webs and social networks that draw others into the ambit of the state's punishment apparatus. Through their association with someone convicted of a crime, legally innocent people have firsthand and often intense contact with criminal justice authorities and correctional facilities, they experience variants of the direct and indirect consequences of incarceration, and they are confronted by the paradox of a penal state that has become the primary distributor of social services for the poor in the United States. Collectively, studies investigating punishment beyond the offender contribute to the understanding of the wide and multi-faceted impact of punitive sanctions and spotlight the importance of considering this full range of repercussions when evaluating the scope of the nation's policing, judicial, and correctional policies.
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Partners and children of imprisoned and formerly imprisoned men consequently become socially and economically disadvantaged.
“Their partners and children consequently become socially and economically disadvantaged in the process (for reviews, see Comfort 2007; Hagan and Dinovitzer 1999).”
From On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto (2009) · cites this paper as Comfort 2007
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Stigma or Separation? Understanding the Incarceration-Divorce Relationship
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Mass Imprisonment and Inequality in Health and Family Life
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A Heavy Burden: The Cardiovascular Health Consequences of Having a Family Member Incarcerated
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Parental Incarceration and Child Health in the United States
Wildeman, C., Goldman, A. W., & Turney, K. (2017) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxx013 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Falling Behind? Children’s Early Grade Retention after Paternal Incarceration
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Parental Incarceration, Child Homelessness, and the Invisible Consequences of Mass Imprisonment
Wildeman, C. (2013) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213502921 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Foster, H., & Hagan, J. L. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112437 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Public Emergency Room Overcrowding in the Era of Mass Imprisonment
Lara-Millán, A. (2014) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122414549552 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Prisoner reentry as myth and ceremony
Wacquant, L. J. D. (2010) · Dialectical Anthropology · doi:10.1007/s10624-010-9215-5 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Roettger, M. E., & Swisher, R. R. (2011) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00253.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Moran, D. (2013) · Environment and Planning D Society and Space · doi:10.1068/d18811 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Comfort, M. L. (2016) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215625038 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationImprisonment and Infant Mortality
Wildeman, C. (2012) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.228 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Consequences of Family Member Incarceration
Lee, H. E., Porter, L. C., & Comfort, M. L. (2013) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213502920 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationMass Incarceration and Racial Inequality
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Condry, R., & Minson, S. (2020) · Theoretical criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480619897078 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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Those They Leave Behind: Paternal Incarceration and Maternal Instrumental Support
Turney, K., Schnittker, J., & Wildeman, C. (2012) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00998.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Courtesy Stigma and Monetary Sanctions
Harris, A., Evans, H. L., & Beckett, K. (2011) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122411400054 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
INTERORGANIZATIONAL UTILITY OF WELFARE STIGMA IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM*
Lara‐Millán, A., & Cleve, N. G. V. (2016) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12128 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Roettger, M. E., & Boardman, J. D. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr409 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Class, Race and Hyperincarceration in Revanchist America
Wacquant, L. J. D. (2014) · Socialism and Democracy · doi:10.1080/08854300.2014.954926 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Ambulance: Toward a Labor Theory of Poverty Governance
Seim, J. (2017) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417702367 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Incarceration, Maternal Hardship, and Perinatal Health Behaviors
Dumont, D. M., Wildeman, C., Lee, H., Gjelsvik, A., Valera, P., & Clarke, J. (2014) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1466-3 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Runaround: Punishment, Welfare, and Poverty Survival after Prison
Halushka, J. M. (2019) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spz018 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Giordano, P. C., Copp, J. E., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2019) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12209 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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Legal Control of Marginal Groups
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Absent Fathers or Absent Variables? A New Look at Paternal Incarceration and Delinquency
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Things Fall Apart: Health Consequences of Mass Imprisonment for African American Women
Lee, H. E., & Wildeman, C. (2011) · The Review of Black Political Economy · doi:10.1007/s12114-011-9112-4 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Beyond Boys’ Bad Behavior: Paternal Incarceration and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Haskins, A. R. (2016) · Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation · doi:10.1093/sf/sow066 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Health Consequences of Family Member Incarceration for Adults in the Household
Wildeman, C., Goldman, A. W., & Lee, H. (2019) · Public health reports (1974) · doi:10.1177/0033354918807974 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
INCARCERATION AND POPULATION HEALTH IN WEALTHY DEMOCRACIES*
Wildeman, C. (2016) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12107 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Minson, S. (2018) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895818794790 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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The rebirth of the prison in Latin America: determinants, regimes and social effects
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Lara‐Millán, A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197507896.001.0001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact
Wildeman, C. (2020) · annual review of criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041519 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Way Down in the Hole”: Systemic Urban Inequality and The Wire
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The Institutional Effects of Incarceration: Spillovers From Criminal Justice to Health Care
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Crime, the Criminal Justice System, and Socioeconomic Inequality
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Criminal Justice Contact and Inequality
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The Strain of Sons' Incarceration on Mothers' Health
Sirois, C. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113264 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Imprisonment and (inequality in) population health
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‘Picking up the pieces’: Female significant others in the lives of young (ex)incarcerated males
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A New Vulnerable Population? The Health of Female Partners of Men Recently Released from Prison
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Self-citationDoing Time Together: Love and Family in the Shadow of the Prison
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Punishment Beyond the Deportee: The Collateral Consequences of Deportation
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Paternal Incarceration and Family Functioning
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Shame and blame: Secondary stigma among families of convicted sex offenders
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Psychiatric Disorders Among Older Black Americans: Within- and Between-Group Differences
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‘Doing the Wait’: An exploration into the waiting experiences of prisoners’ families
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Socioeconomic Barriers to Child Contact with Incarcerated Parents
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Family life before and during incarceration
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A natural experiment study of the effects of imprisonment on violence in the community
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Collateral Consequences in the A merican States*
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Conditions of Confinement in American Prisons and Jails
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Monetary Sanctions and Symbiotic Harms
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Maternal Incarceration and the Transformation of Urban Family Life
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Women's Health in the Era of Mass Incarceration
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Doing Uncertain Time: Understanding the Experiences of Punishment in Pre-trial Custody
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A Life Course Analysis of Homeless Shelter Use among the Formerly Incarcerated
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Towards a Theory of Change for Community-based Research Projects
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- Authors
- Comfort, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Comfort, Megan
- ORCID
- Comfort, Megan
- Venue
- Annual Review of Law and Social Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2007-12-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 271-296
- ISSN
- 1550-3585 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-3631
- OpenAlex
- W2127755023
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-sa
- Locations
- Annual Review of Law and Social Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Law and Policy
- Keywords
- collateral consequences of incarceration, family networks, penal state, judicial policy, correctional policy, punitive measures
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