Cited by 1,110Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

Neuropathologic diagnostic and nosologic criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: consensus of the Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration

Open access
Cairns, Nigel J., Bigio, Eileen H., Mackenzie, Ian R. A., Neumann, Manuela, Lee, Virginia M.-Y., Hatanpaa, Kimmo J., White, Charles L., Schneider, Julie A. +15 more·2007·Acta Neuropathologica

Abstract

The aim of this study was to improve the neuropathologic recognition and provide criteria for the pathological diagnosis in the neurodegenerative diseases grouped as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD); revised criteria are proposed. Recent advances in molecular genetics, biochemistry, and neuropathology of FTLD prompted the Midwest Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and experts at other centers to review and revise the existing neuropathologic diagnostic criteria for FTLD. The proposed criteria for FTLD are based on existing criteria, which include the tauopathies [FTLD with Pick bodies, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, sporadic multiple system tauopathy with dementia, argyrophilic grain disease, neurofibrillary tangle dementia, and FTD with microtubule-associated tau (MAPT) gene mutation, also called FTD with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)]. The proposed criteria take into account new disease entities and include the novel molecular pathology, TDP-43 proteinopathy, now recognized to be the most frequent histological finding in FTLD. TDP-43 is a major component of the pathologic inclusions of most sporadic and familial cases of FTLD with ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative inclusions (FTLD-U) with or without motor neuron disease (MND). Molecular genetic studies of familial cases of FTLD-U have shown that mutations in the progranulin (PGRN) gene are a major genetic cause of FTLD-U. Mutations in valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene are present in rare familial forms of FTD, and some families with FTD and/or MND have been linked to chromosome 9p, and both are types of FTLD-U. Thus, familial TDP-43 proteinopathy is associated with defects in multiple genes, and molecular genetics is required in these cases to correctly identify the causative gene defect. In addition to genetic heterogeneity amongst the TDP-43 proteinopathies, there is also neuropathologic heterogeneity and there is a close relationship between genotype and FTLD-U subtype. In addition to these recent significant advances in the neuropathology of FTLD-U, novel FTLD entities have been further characterized, including neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease. The proposed criteria incorporate up-to-date neuropathology of FTLD in the light of recent immunohistochemical, biochemical, and genetic advances. These criteria will be of value to the practicing neuropathologist and provide a foundation for clinical, clinico-pathologic, mechanistic studies and in vivo models of pathogenesis of FTLD.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00401-007-0237-2

Cites

85 of 85 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Frontotemporal dementia is caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), which features abnormal aggregation of tau (FTLD-tau) or transactivating DNA-binding protein 43.

    “Frontotemporal dementia is caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), which features abnormal aggregation of the microtubule associated protein consisting of tau (FTLD-tau) or the transactivating DNA-binding protein 43.16,18–20”

    From Association of Cognitive and Behavioral Features Between Adults With Tuberous Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [18]

    The Introduction (page not supplied) identifies FTD as the most common clinical presentation of FTLD. The Microscopy and Tau-positive inclusions sections describe TDP-43-positive and tau-positive FTLD pathology, respectively. But the Conclusions also recognize FTLD without tau-positive inclusions, so the sentence overstates the paper if it means that all FTLD features aggregation of one of those two proteins. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Older studies that reported cases with dementia and no other known pathologic substrate lacked insights into more recently defined pathologies, such as those with aberrant TDP-43, valosin-containing protein, and fused in sarcoma inclusions.

    “Older studies that reported cases with dementia and no other known pathologic substrate lacked insights into more recently defined pathologies, such as those with aberrant TDP-43, valosin-containing protein, and fused in sarcoma inclusions (37, 167).”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Cairns, N. J., Bigio, E. H., Mackenzie, I. R. A., Neumann, M., Lee, V. M.-Y., Hatanpaa, K. J., White, C. L., Schneider, J. A., Grinberg, L. T., Halliday, G., Duyckaerts, C., Lowe, J. S., Holm, I. E., Tolnay, M., Okamoto, K., Yokoo, H., Murayama, S., Woulfe, J., Munoz, D. G., Dickson, D. W., Ince, P. G., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Mann, D. M. A.
Affiliations
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Vancouver General Hospital (CA)
  • Institut für Neuropathologie (DE)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
  • Rush University Medical Center (US)
  • Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
  • Neuroscience Research Australia (AU)
  • Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (FR)
  • Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
  • Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
  • University Hospital of Basel (CH)
  • Gunma University (JP)
  • Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology (JP)
  • University of Ottawa (CA)
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
  • University of Sheffield (GB)
  • University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author
Cairns, Nigel J.
Venue
Acta Neuropathologica
Published
2007-06-20
Volume
114
Issue
1
Pages
5-22
ISSN
  • 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-0533
OpenAlex
W2091173932
Cited by
1,110
References
85
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 70
FWCI
65.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (AG 10 124, AG05681, AG 17586, AG13854, AG 03991, NS057105)
  • National Institute on Aging (AG13854, AG03991, U01AG016976, P30AG010124, P01AG017586, AG 05681, AG17586, U01-AG 16976, AG-10124, P30AG13854, P 50 AG05681, P50AG005681, P01 AG0 3991, P01AG003991, P30AG013854)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P30NS057105)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
frontotemporal lobar degeneration, nosologic classification, TDP-43 proteinopathy, tauopathy, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, argyrophilic grain disease
MeSH terms
Algorithms, Dementia, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Temporal Lobe, tau Proteins, Ubiquitin

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review