Trajectories of Postpartum Depression in Italian First-Time Fathers
Open accessAbstract
Paternal postpartum depression (PPD) has received little attention compared with maternal prenatal and postpartum depression, despite research reporting that paternal PPD concerns a substantial number of fathers. History of depression and antenatal depression have been identified as important PPD's risk factors, underlining the continuity of depressive symptoms during the transition to parenthood. However, only few studies have focused on the evolution of depressive symptoms with longitudinal research design. The present study aims at analyzing the longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms from the third trimester of pregnancy to 1 year after childbirth. One hundred and twenty-six first-time fathers completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at four time points (7-8 months of pregnancy, 40 days, 5-6 months, and 12 months after childbirth). Data were analyzed throughout latent growth mixture modeling. Latent growth mixture modeling analysis indicated a three-class model as the optimal solution. The three-class solution included a trajectory of low, stable depressive symptoms across the four time points ( resilient, 52%); a trajectory of moderate, relatively stable depressive symptomatology ( distress, 37%); and a trajectory of emergent clinical depression following a pattern of high depressive symptoms ( emergent depression, 11%). This study allowed to identify different subpopulation within the sample, distinguishing among mental well-being, emotional distress, and high-risk conditions when-1 year after childbirth-fathers report the highest scores to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. These results underline the importance to analyze fathers' well-being over the time during the transition to fatherhood.
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Other studies have reported different patterns, such as an increase in depressive symptoms from antepartum to postpartum [48] or a decrease six months postpartum [47].
“Other studies have reported different patterns, such as an increase in depressive symptoms from antepartum to postpartum [48] or a decrease six months postpartum [47].”
From Fathers at risk: Effects of threatened and actual preterm birth on the course of paternal peripartum depression and anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
Molgora et al. [47] identified a subgroup of fathers who experienced a healthy pregnancy and childbirth, with stable and low depressive symptoms during the peripartum period.
“Molgora et al. [47] identified a subgroup of fathers who experienced a healthy pregnancy and childbirth, with stable and low depressive symptoms during the peripartum period.”
From Fathers at risk: Effects of threatened and actual preterm birth on the course of paternal peripartum depression and anxiety (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
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- Authors
- Molgora, S., Fenaroli, V., Malgaroli, M., & Saita, E.
- Affiliations
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Molgora, Sara
- Venue
- American Journal of Men s Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-11-24
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 880-887
- ISSN
- 1557-9883 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9891
- PMC
- PMC5675320
- OpenAlex
- W2552475515
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Men s Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- paternal postpartum depression, first-time fathers, depressive symptom trajectories, transition to fatherhood, antenatal depression, history of depression, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, growth mixture modeling, postpartum mental health, emotional distress
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Depression, Emotions, Father-Child Relations, Fathers, Humans, Italy, Male, Marriage, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Social Adjustment, Time Factors, Parenting
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