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Cited by 81Child Nutrition and Water AccessNutrition, Health, and Society StudiesFood and Agricultural Sciences

Lysine fortification of wheat flour improves selected indices of the nutritional status of predominantly cereal-eating families in Pakistan

Hussain, Tajammal, Abbas, Shaid, Khan, Mushtaq A., Scrimshaw, Nevin S.·2004·Food and Nutrition Bulletin
DOI 10.1177/156482650402500202
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Abstract

Wheat provides more than 50% of the protein and calorie intake of the population of Pakistan. Legumes and animal protein that could complement the amino acid pattern of wheat, in which lysine is the first limiting amino acid for utilization of protein, are not affordable by members of lower socioeconomic groups in developing countries. The purpose of the study was to determine whether lysine fortification of wheat flour would have a positive impact on populations consuming a predominantly wheat-based diet. A double-blind study was carried out for three months on the outskirts of Peshawar, Pakistan. Forty families received wheat flour fortified with lysine, and 40 families received wheat flour without lysine. Wheat provided 59% of the protein for men, 65% for women, and 58% for children. The weight and height of the children in both groups increased during the study, but the increase was significantly greater in the lysine group. Hemoglobin increased significantly in the women receiving lysine-fortified flour. Transferrin levels increased significantly in men, women, and children in the lysine group as compared with those in the control group. Prealbumin increased significantly in adults receiving additional lysine but decreased in children. Men, women, and children in the lysine-supplemented families had significant increases in CD4, CD8, and complement C3 as compared with controls. These results indicate that lysine fortification of wheat flour can significantly improve sensitive indicators of nutritional status in a population consuming a diet in which 58% to 65% of the protein, depending on age and sex, is supplied by wheat.

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  • Lysine fortification has been demonstrated as an effective method of supporting growth and lean mass accrual.

    “Lysine fortification has been demonstrated as an effective method of supporting growth and lean mass accrual [[102], [103], [104]].”

    From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [103]

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Authors
Hussain, T., Abbas, S., Khan, M. A., & Scrimshaw, N. S.
Affiliations
  • The University of Agriculture, Peshawar (PK)
  • National Institute of Health (PK)
  • Government of Pakistan (PK)
  • United Nations University (JP)
Corresponding author
Scrimshaw, Nevin S.
ORCID
Venue
Food and Nutrition Bulletin
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2004-01
Volume
25
Issue
2
Pages
114-122
ISSN
  • 0379-5721 (ISSN-L)
  • 1564-8265
DOI
10.1177/156482650402500202
OpenAlex
W116782167
Cited by
81
References
25
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
FWCI
1.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Food and Nutrition Bulletin (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
Keywords
wheat flour, nutritional status, protein-energy malnutrition, amino acid limitation, hemoglobin, transferrin, prealbumin, immune function, child growth, wheat-based diets
MeSH terms
Adult, Anthropometry, Blood Proteins, Energy Intake, Edible Grain, Child, Child, Preschool, Double-Blind Method, Female, Flour, Food, Fortified, Humans, Lysine, Male, Nutritional Status, Pakistan, Poverty Areas, Proteins, T-Lymphocytes, Triticum

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