Registered Replication Report: Schooler and Engstler-Schooler (1990)
Open accessAbstract
Trying to remember something now typically improves your ability to remember it later. However, after watching a video of a simulated bank robbery, participants who verbally described the robber were 25% worse at identifying the robber in a lineup than were participants who instead listed U.S. states and capitals—this has been termed the “verbal overshadowing” effect (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). More recent studies suggested that this effect might be substantially smaller than first reported. Given uncertainty about the effect size, the influence of this finding in the memory literature, and its practical importance for police procedures, we conducted two collections of preregistered direct replications (RRR1 and RRR2) that differed only in the order of the description task and a filler task. In RRR1, when the description task immediately followed the robbery, participants who provided a description were 4% less likely to select the robber than were those in the control condition. In RRR2, when the description was delayed by 20 min, they were 16% less likely to select the robber. These findings reveal a robust verbal overshadowing effect that is strongly influenced by the relative timing of the tasks. The discussion considers further implications of these replications for our understanding of verbal overshadowing.
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A registered replication across 31 labs found verbal overshadowing reduced recall by 4-16%.
“A recent “registered replication” attempt (Alogna et al., 2014), conducted across 31 labs, found that verbal overshadowing reduced recall by 4%–16%, depending on how close to the original event a verbal description was made.”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Alogna et al., 2014
The report states that 31 labs joined the initial replication (p. 7) and reports 4% and 16% lower robber-selection rates under different description timings (p. 4). Those figures concern lineup recognition, not recall; moreover, only 22 of the 31 labs completed the follow-up experiment that produced the 16% figure (p. 7). (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Ego Depletion May Disappear by 2020
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Olsson-Collentine, A., van Aert, R. C. M., Bakker, M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2023) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000559 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Let’s Do It Again: A Call for Replications in Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research
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Mathur, M. B., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2020) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/rssa.12572 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cross-codal integration of bridging-event information in narrative understanding
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Gudde, H. B., Coventry, K. R., & Engelhardt, P. E. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.04.016 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Alogna, V. K., Attaya, M. K., Aucoin, P., Bahník, Š., Birch, S., Birt, A. R., Bornstein, B. H., Bouwmeester, S., Brandimonte, M. A., Brown, C., Buswell, K., Carlson, C., Carlson, M., Chu, S., Cislak, A., Colarusso, M., Colloff, M. F., Dellapaolera, K. S., Delvenne, J.-F., Di Domenico, A., Drummond, A., Echterhoff, G., Edlund, J. E., Eggleston, C. M., Fairfield, B., Franco, G., Gabbert, F., Gamblin, B. W., Garry, M., Gentry, R., Gilbert, E. A., Greenberg, D. L., Halberstadt, J., Hall, L., Hancock, P. J. B., Hirsch, D., Holt, G., Jackson, J. C., Jong, J., Kehn, A., Koch, C., Kopietz, R., Körner, U., Kunar, M. A., Lai, C. K., Langton, S. R. H., Leite, F. P., Mammarella, N., Marsh, J. E., McConnaughy, K. A., McCoy, S., McIntyre, A. H., Meissner, C. A., Michael, R. B., Mitchell, A. A., Mugayar-Baldocchi, M., Musselman, R., Ng, C., Nichols, A. L., Nunez, N. L., Palmer, M. A., Pappagianopoulos, J. E., Petro, M. S., Poirier, C. R., Portch, E., Rainsford, M., Rancourt, A., Romig, C., Rubínová, E., Sanson, M., Satchell, L., Sauer, J. D., Schweitzer, K., Shaheed, J., Skelton, F., Sullivan, G. A., Susa, K. J., Swanner, J. K., Thompson, W. B., Todaro, R., Ulatowska, J., Valentine, T., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., Vranka, M., Wade, K. A., Was, C. A., Weatherford, D., Wiseman, K., Zaksaite, T., Zuj, D. V., & Zwaan, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Stonehill College (US)
- Mount Saint Vincent University (CA)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- SUNY Brockport (US)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- George Fox University (US)
- East Texas A&M University (US)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Flinders University (AU)
- University of Münster (DE)
- Rochester Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Victoria University of Wellington (NZ)
- Goldsmiths University of London (GB)
- University of North Dakota (US)
- College of Charleston (US)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Kent State University (US)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- University of Maine (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- Nebraska Wesleyan University (US)
- Universidad de Navarra (ES)
- University of Wyoming (US)
- Masaryk University (CZ)
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- The University of Texas at El Paso (US)
- Niagara University (US)
- Charles University (CZ)
- Arkansas State University (US)
- ORCID
- Attaya, M. K.
- Aucoin, P.
- Bahník, Š.
- Bornstein, B. H.
- Bouwmeester, S.
- Brandimonte, M. A.
- Brown, C.
- Carlson, C.
- Carlson, M.
- Chu, S.
- Colloff, M. F.
- Delvenne, J.-F.
- Drummond, A.
- Echterhoff, G.
- Edlund, J. E.
- Eggleston, C. M.
- Fairfield, B.
- Gabbert, F.
- Gamblin, B. W.
- Garry, M.
- Halberstadt, J.
- Hall, L.
- Hancock, P. J. B.
- Holt, G.
- Jong, J.
- Kehn, A.
- Koch, C.
- Körner, U.
- Kunar, M. A.
- Lai, C. K.
- Langton, S. R. H.
- Leite, F. P.
- Mammarella, N.
- Marsh, J. E.
- McIntyre, A. H.
- Meissner, C. A.
- Michael, R. B.
- Nichols, A. L.
- Nunez, N. L.
- Palmer, M. A.
- Pappagianopoulos, J. E.
- Petro, M. S.
- Portch, E.
- Rainsford, M.
- Rubínová, E.
- Sanson, M.
- Satchell, L.
- Sauer, J. D.
- Schweitzer, K.
- Skelton, F.
- Susa, K. J.
- Thompson, W. B.
- Todaro, R.
- Ulatowska, J.
- Valentine, T.
- Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L.
- Vranka, M.
- Wade, K. A.
- Was, C. A.
- Weatherford, D.
- Wiseman, K.
- Zaksaite, T.
- Zuj, D. V.
- Zwaan, R. A.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 556-578
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W1824379121
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 11.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure (Coventry University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- ChesterRep (University of Chester) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- eyewitness identification, verbal description, task order, police procedures
- MeSH terms
- Facial Recognition, Adolescent, Adult, Crime, Female, Humans, Male, Psycholinguistics, Psychological Tests, Mental Recall, Speech, Sample Size, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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