A meta‐analysis of the verbal overshadowing effect in face identification
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that requesting individuals to produce a verbal description of a previously seen face can hinder subsequent attempts at identification. This phenomenon, termed ‘verbal overshadowing’, has been studied rather extensively in the face‐identification paradigm; however, studies have not always replicated the general effect. Based upon both practical and theoretical interests in the phenomenon, a meta‐analysis of 29 effect size comparisons (N = 2018) was conducted. Across the sample of studies there was a small, yet significant, negative effect (Fisher's Zr = −0.12), indicating some degree of verbal impairment or overshadowing. A fixed‐effects analysis of several moderating variables demonstrated a significant effect of post‐description delay and type of description instruction. The pattern of means indicated that overshadowing effects were more likely to occur when the identification task immediately followed the description task, and when participants were given an elaborative, as opposed to a standard (free recall), instruction during the description task. Inconsistencies in the literature are discussed, as well as various theoretical and applied issues regarding the verbal overshadowing effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Verbal overshadowing can be reliably demonstrated for face recognition.
“Although verbal overshadowing can be reliably demonstrated for face recognition (Meissner & Brigham, 2001)”
From Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. (2014) · cites this paper as Meissner & Brigham, 2001
Subsequent studies report verbal labels reduce or distort accurate recall.
“Subsequent studies using a range of tasks have reported evidence of verbal labels appearing to reduce or distort accurate recall (Meissner & Brigham, 2001).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Meissner & Brigham, 2001
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Schooler, J. W. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614547878 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Temporal Limitation of Navon Effect on Face Recognition
Hills, P. J., & Lewis, M. B. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.104.2.501-509 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Local and global processing biases fail to influence face, object, and word recognition
Lawson, R. (2007) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280601112519 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Alcohol intoxication impairs eyewitness memory and increases suggestibility: Two field studies
van Oorsouw, K. I. M., Broers, N. J., & Sauerland, M. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3561 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Person descriptions and person identifications: Verbal overshadowing or recognition criterion shift?
Sauerland, M., Holub, F. E., & Sporer, S. L. (2008) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440701728417 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The importance (necessity) of computational modelling for eyewitness identification research
Clark, S. E. (2008) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1484 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
On the Applied Implications of the “Verbal Overshadowing Effect”
Mickes, L., & Wixted, J. T. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615576762 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Eye Remember What Happened: Eye‐Closure Improves Recall of Events but not Face Recognition
Vredeveldt, A., Tredoux, C. G., Kempen, K., & Nortje, A. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3092 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Thinking Aloud Influences Perceived Time
Hertzum, M., & Holmegaard, K. D. (2014) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720814540208 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Z Generation: Examining Perpetrator Descriptions and Lineup Identification Procedures
Pozzulo, J., Dempsey, J. L., & Pettalia, J. L. (2012) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-012-9107-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Facial Composites and Techniques to Improve Image Recognizability
Frowd, C. D. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118469538.ch3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Thinking Aloud in the Presence of Interruptions and Time Constraints
Hertzum, M., & Holmegaard, K. D. (2013) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2012.711705 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The effect of verbal description and processing type on face identification
Wickham, L. H. V., & Lander, K. (2008) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440701728433 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neuschatz, J. S., & Cutler, B. L. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00180-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The facilitating effect of verbalization on the recognition memory of incidentally learned faces
Itoh, Y. (2005) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1069 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Koedinger, K. R., Mitamura, T., & Wylie, R. (2009) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Verbal overshadowing: A special issue exploring theoretical and applied issues
Meissner, C. A., & Memon, A. (2002) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.928 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Meissner, Christian A.
- Venue
- Applied Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 603-616
- ISSN
- 0888-4080 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0720
- OpenAlex
- W2151560383
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Keywords
- face identification, eyewitness identification
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