CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 22Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes Management and Education

Trends in U.S. Insulin Use and Glucose Monitoring for People with Diabetes: 2009-2018

Open access
Perez-Nieves, Magaly, Juneja, Rattan, Fan, Ludi, Meadows, Eric, Lage, Maureen J, Eby, Elizabeth L·2022·Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
DOI 10.1177/19322968211028268PMC PMC9631534
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: The delivery and administration of insulin has undergone many changes over the years. This research examines U.S. trends in insulin use among people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the U.S. from 2009 to 2018. Methods: The IBM ® MarketScan ® Commercial and Medicare databases were used to identify trends in insulin use over 10 years. The study included people with T1D or T2D who filled a prescription for insulin in any calendar year from 2009 to 2018. The analyses examined insulin regimen and delivery and the use of glucose monitoring systems. Generalized estimating equations were used to test whether trends were statistically significant. Results: Individuals with T1D were most commonly prescribed a basal and bolus insulin regimen or short/rapid insulin only, while for people with T2D the use of basal-only insulin increased significantly over the study period. In both groups there was a significant decline in the use of premix insulin from 2009 to 2018. Insulin pump use increased for individuals with T1D, while disposable pen use increased for people in both cohorts. In both cohorts, there was a statistically significant increase in the use of continuous glucose monitoring, although this increase was more pronounced and occurred earlier among individuals with T1D. Conclusions: Results indicate significant changes in insulin regimens and delivery and glucose monitoring from 2009 to 2018. These findings suggest that insulin prescribing continues to change in response to the development of new therapeutics, advances in insulin delivery technology, and glucose monitoring systems.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/19322968211028268

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • CGM has been predominantly used by insulin-treated individuals.

    “While CGM has been predominantly used by insulin-treated individuals4,5”

    From Impact of digital health interventions on glycemic control and weight management. (2025) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results report CGM use among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in cohorts described as prevalent insulin users. But because the study does not compare insulin-treated with non-insulin-treated CGM users, it cannot establish that CGM users overall were predominantly insulin-treated. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. [1]1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report, 2020 [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2020. Accessed February 19, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/diabetes-stat-report.html. [Google Scholar]
  2. [3]3. Subramanian S, Baidal D, Skyler JS, Hirsch IB. The management of type 1 diabetes. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al. eds. Endotext. MDText.com, Inc.; 2016. [Google Scholar]
  3. [13]13. IBM Watson Health. IBM MarketScan Research Databases for life sciences researchers [Internet]. IBM Watson Health; 2020. Accessed April 27, 2021. https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/OWZWJ0QO. [Google Scholar]
  4. [18]18. Lasalvia P, Barahona-Correa JE, Romero-Alvernia DM, et al. Pen devices for insulin self-administration compared with needle and vial. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016;10:959-966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Perez-Nieves, M., Juneja, R., Fan, L., Meadows, E., Lage, M. J., & Eby, E. L.
Affiliations
  • Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
  • Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
  • HealthMetrics Outcomes Research, Bonita Springs, FL, USA
Corresponding author
Lage, Maureen J
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2021-07-05
Volume
16
Issue
6
Pages
1428-1435
ISSN
1932-2968 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1177/19322968211028268
PMC
PMC9631534
OpenAlex
W3179574481
Cited by
22
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1
FWCI
1.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
eli lilly and company
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords
insulin use, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin regimens, insulin delivery, insulin pump, continuous glucose monitoring, premixed insulin
MeSH terms
Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucose, Medicare, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, United States, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review