The prevalence and impact of depression and anxiety in cardiac rehabilitation: a longitudinal cohort study
Abstract
Background Co-morbid depression and anxiety symptoms are frequently under-recognised and under-treated in heart disease and this negatively impacts self-management. Aims The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, correlates and predictors of depression and anxiety in cardiac rehabilitation programmes, the impact of cardiac rehabilitation on moderate depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, and the relationship between moderate depression, anxiety and stress symptoms and cardiac rehabilitation adherence. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 5908 patients entering cardiac rehabilitation programmes from 2006–2017, across two Sydney metropolitan teaching hospitals. Variables included demographics, diagnoses, cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, participation rates, health status (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36) and psychological health (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales) subscale scores. Results Moderate depression, anxiety or stress symptoms were prevalent in 18%, 28% and 13% of adults entering cardiac rehabilitation programmes, respectively. Adults with moderate depression (24% vs 13%), anxiety (32% vs 23%) or stress (18% vs 10%) symptoms were significantly less likely to adhere to cardiac rehabilitation compared with those with normal-mild symptoms ( p < 0.001). Anxiety (odds ratio 4.395, 95% confidence interval 3.363–5.744, p < 0.001) and stress (odds ratio 4.527, 95% confidence interval 3.315–6.181, p < 0.001) were the strongest predictors of depression. Depression (odds ratio 3.167, 95% confidence interval 2.411–4.161) and stress (odds ratio 5.577, 95% confidence interval 4.006–7.765, p < 0.001) increased the risk of anxiety on entry by more than three times, above socio-demographic factors, cardiovascular risk factors, diagnoses and quality of life. Conclusion Monitoring depression and anxiety symptoms on entry and during cardiac rehabilitation can assist to improve adherence and may identify the need for additional psychological health support. Exploring the relevance and use of adjunct psychological support strategies within cardiac rehabilitation programmes is warranted.
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Anxiety in CVD is associated with poorer quality of life, poorer performance of self-care, and drop-out from cardiac rehabilitation.
“it is associated with poorer quality of life, 10-12 poorer performance of self-care 13 and drop-out from cardiac rehabilitation, 11”
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“…CVD is conflicting, it is associated with poorer quality of life, 10–12 poorer performance of self-care 13 and drop-out from cardiac rehabilitation, 11 and may, therefore, motivate managing anxiety in CVD. Cardiac rehabilitation does not necessarily decrease anxiety, 14 and CVD patients themselves…”
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Anxiety and depression are associated with poor outcomes in open elbow arthrolysis
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Depression and Its Effect on Geriatric Rehabilitation Outcomes in Switzerland’s Aging Population
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Social Smoking Environment and Associations With Cardiac Rehabilitation Attendance
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Impact of Family Involvement in Cardiac Rehabilitation—Insights from a Literature Review
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Changes in the Anxiety Levels of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
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Evaluatıon of Depressıon and Anxıety Status in Patıents After Cardıac Devıce Implantatıon
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Physical Activity After Heart Surgery: Associations With Psychosocial and Sleep Factors
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2025 Clinical practice guidelines for Dilated cardiomyopathy
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Secondary Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation
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Telerehabilitation for Integrative Health
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Feasibility of Integrating MEditatioN inTO heaRt Disease (the MENTOR Study)
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The Synergy of the Empathy of Healthcare Professionals and the Resilience of Cardiovascular Patients
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- Authors
- Rao, A., Zecchin, R., Newton, P., Phillips, J., DiGiacomo, M., Denniss, A., & Hickman, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Western Sydney University, Australia
- University of Technology Sydney, Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health District (AU)
- Venue
- European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-10-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 478-489
- ISSN
- 2047-4873 (ISSN-L)
- 2047-4881
- OpenAlex
- W2979912579
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Preventive Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Western Sydney University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety, stress symptoms, cardiac rehabilitation, rehabilitation adherence, prevalence, predictors of depression, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Cardiac Rehabilitation, Affect, Anxiety, Depression, Heart Diseases, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Longitudinal Studies, New South Wales, Patient Compliance, Quality of Life, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors, Prevalence, Treatment Outcome, Secondary Prevention
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