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Cited by 201Iron Metabolism and DisordersErythropoietin and Anemia TreatmentHemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders

Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment

Camaschella, Clara·2015·Hematology
DOI 10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.8
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Abstract

Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are common conditions worldwide affecting especially children and young women. In developing countries, iron deficiency is caused by poor iron intake and/or parasitic infection, whereas vegetarian dietary choices, poor iron absorption, and chronic blood loss are common causes in high-income countries. Erythropoiesis stimulating agents can result in functional iron deficiency for erythropoiesis even when stores are iron-replete. Diagnosis of iron deficiency is straightforward, except when it occurs in the context of inflammatory disorders. Oral iron salts correct absolute iron deficiency in most patients, because low hepcidin levels facilitate iron absorption. Unfortunately frequent side effects limit oral iron efficacy. Intravenous iron is increasingly utilized, because currently available preparations allow rapid normalization of total body iron even with a single infusion and are effective also in functional iron deficiency and in iron deficiency associated with inflammatory disorders. The evidence is accumulating that these preparations are safe and effective. However, long-term safety issues of high doses of iron need to be further explored.

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Crossref · 10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.8

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  • Based on real-life evidence, determination of iron status by using serum ferritin and transferrin saturation is the most commonly deployed strategy used in clinical and public health settings.

    “Although many laboratory indexes may be helpful for the ID differential diagnostic workup, such as the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the reticulocyte count and reticulocyte Hb content, the soluble transferrin receptor and its correlation with SF, and hepcidin measurement, based on the real-life evidence, the determination of iron status by using SF and TSAT is the most commonly deployed strategy”

    From Defining Global Thresholds for Serum Ferritin: A Challenging Mission in Establishing the Iron Deficiency Diagnosis in This Era of Striving for Health Equity (2025) · cites this paper as [19]

  • It is usual practice in many specialties and guidelines to assume that, regardless of the lower normality value of the ferritin test used, SF <30 ng/mL (irrespective of TSAT) or SF <100 ng/mL and TSAT <20% are the hallmarks of absolute iron deficiency; while SF >100 ng/mL and TSAT <20% usually indicate anemia of inflammation in the context of infection or inflammation.

    “It is a usual practice in many specialties and guidelines to assume that, regardless of the lower normality value of the ferritin test used, SF <30 ng/mL (irrespective of the TSAT value) or SF <100 ng/mL and TSAT <20% are the hallmarks of absolute ID; while SF >100 ng/mL and TSAT <20% usually indicate AI in the context of infection or inflammation [1,2,15,16,17,18,19,20].”

    From Defining Global Thresholds for Serum Ferritin: A Challenging Mission in Establishing the Iron Deficiency Diagnosis in This Era of Striving for Health Equity (2025) · cites this paper as [19]

  • Iron deficiency is the most common pathology of iron homeostasis, eventually resulting in iron deficiency anemia, the most frequent anemia worldwide.

    “Iron deficiency is the most common pathology of iron homeostasis, eventually resulting in iron deficiency anemia, the most frequent anemia worldwide (Camaschella, 2015).”

    From The Role of Iron Regulation in Immunometabolism and Immune-Related Disease (2019) · cites this paper as Camaschella, 2015

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Authors
Camaschella, C.
Affiliations
Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
Corresponding author
Camaschella, Clara
ORCID
Camaschella, Clara
Venue
Hematology
Publisher
American Society of Hematology
Published
2015-12-05
Volume
2015
Issue
1
Pages
8-13
ISSN
  • 1520-4383 (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-4391
DOI
10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.8
OpenAlex
W2220231666
Cited by
201
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2
FWCI
1.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Hematology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
Keywords
iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, diagnosis, treatment, oral iron supplementation, intravenous iron, hepcidin, functional iron deficiency, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, inflammation, iron absorption, parasitic infection, vegetarian diet, chronic blood loss, iron toxicity
MeSH terms
Iron Deficiencies, Administration, Oral, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Ferritins, Hematologic Tests, Hematology, Humans, Inflammation, Infusions, Intravenous, Infusions, Parenteral, Iron, Male, Transferrin, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, Dietary Supplements, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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