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Costs of attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000

Birnbaum, Howard G., Kessler, Ronald C., Lowe, Sarah W., Secnik, Kristina, Greenberg, Paul E., Leong, Stephanie A., Swensen, Andrine R.·2005·Current Medical Research and Opinion

DOI 10.1185/030079904x20303

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive estimate of the cost of ADHD by consider ing the healthcare and work loss costs of persons with ADHD, as well as those costs imposed on their family members. METHODS: Excess per capita healthcare (medical and prescription drug) and work loss (disability and work absence) costs of treated ADHD patients (ages 7 years-44 years) and their family members (under 65 years of age) were calculated using administrative claims data from a single large company; work loss costs are from disability data or imputed for medically related work loss days. Excess costs are the additional costs of patients and their family members over and above those of comparable control individuals. The excess costs of untreated individuals with ADHD and their family members were also estimated. All per capita costs were extrapolated using published prevalence and treatment rates and population data; the prevalence of persons with ADHD was based upon the literature. RESULTS: The total excess cost of ADHD in the US in 2000 was $31.6 billion. Of this total, $1.6 billion was for the ADHD treatment of patients, $12.1 billion was for all other healthcare costs of persons with ADHD, $14.2 billion was for all other healthcare costs of family members of persons with ADHD, and $3.7 billion was for the work loss cost of adults with ADHD and adult family members of persons with ADHD. CONCLUSION: The annual cost of ADHD in the US is substantial. Both treated and untreated persons with ADHD, as well as their family members, impose consider able economic burdens on the healthcare system as a result of this condition. While these first estimates of the cost of ADHD to the nation are suggestive of its substantial economic burden, future research needs to refine and build on this analysis, particularly in the context of a model to control for related co-morbidities. Similarly, since these results are based on data from a single company for the period 1996-1998, the analysis should be validated with more representative, current data.

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Authors: Birnbaum, H. G., Kessler, R. C., Lowe, S. W., Secnik, K., Greenberg, P. E., Leong, S. A., & Swensen, A. R.
Affiliations: Analysis Group (United States) (US)
Harvard University (US)
Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Birnbaum, Howard G.
ORCID: Kessler, Ronald C.
Leong, Stephanie A.
Venue: Current Medical Research and Opinion
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2005-02
Volume: 21
Issue: 2
Pages: 195-205
ISSN: 0300-7995 (ISSN-L)
1473-4877
DOI: 10.1185/030079904x20303
OpenAlex: W2111117333
Cited by: 237
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 9.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Current Medical Research and Opinion (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Eli Lilly and Company
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, economic burden of disease, health care costs, work loss costs, relatives of patients, untreated ADHD, prescription drug costs, disability, absenteeism, economic burden
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Family, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Prevalence, Case-Control Studies, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness

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Costs of attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000

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