Maternal postnatal depression and child growth: a European cohort study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported postpartum depression to be associated with both positive and negative effects on early infant growth. This study examined the hypothesis that maternal postnatal depression may be a risk factor for later child growth faltering or overweight. METHODS: A total of 929 women and their children participating in a European multicenter study were included at a median age of 14 days. Mothers completed the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) at 2, 3 and 6 months after delivery. EPDS scores of 13 and above at any time were defined as maternal depression. Weight, length, triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured, and body mass index (BMI) were calculated when the children were two years old and converted to standard deviation scores based on the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS). RESULTS: Z-scores for weight-for-length at inclusion of infants of mothers with high EPDS scores (-0.55, SD 0.74) were lower than of those with normal scores (-0.36, SD 0.74; p = 0.013). BMI at age 24 months did not differ in the high (16.3 kg/m2, SD 1.3) and in the normal EPDS groups (16.2 kg/m2, SD 1.3; p = 0.48). All other anthropometric indices also did not differ between groups, with no change by multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a high maternal postnatal depression score does not have any major effects on offspring growth in high income countries.
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Maternal postpartum depression had no effect on stunting.
“Three other studies97,113,126 demonstrated that maternal PPD had no effect on stunting.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [113]
The Results (Tables 2–3; page unavailable) found no significant difference in length-for-age, including at the lower percentiles, between children of mothers with high and normal postnatal depression scores. This supports the claim's direction, but the study did not report stunting as a defined outcome; its conclusion is also limited to growth in a European cohort during the first two years of life. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMaternal postpartum depression had no effect on child's weight.
“Finally, four studies demonstrated that maternal PPD had no effect100,113,126 or a very small effect112 on the child’s weight.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [113]
The Discussion reports no effect of postnatal maternal depression on BMI or other anthropometric indices during the first two years of life. But the Results report a significant difference in weight between children of mothers with elevated and normal depression scores; that difference was already present at study entry and decreased after 12 months. Saying there was no effect on weight omits this qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTriceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses did not differ between infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers.
“Two studies demonstrated that the triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses did not differ between infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers (one study was conducted in Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain;113 the other was from the United States112).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [113]
Maternal PPD seemed to have few associations with the weight and length of infants in high-income countries except during the transient period at the beginning of the newborn's life.
“Maternal PPD seemed to have few associations with the weight and length of infants in high-income countries100,113 except during the transient period at the beginning of the newborn’s life.125”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [113]
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“; USA 1447 2 months (EPDS) Weight 6 months Increased weight Grote et al.(22); Multisite (Germany, Belgium, Italy, Poland, and Spain) 929 2, 3 and 6 months (EPDS) Weight, height and BMI 2 years No change”
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“(SS) and tricep (TR) skinfold thickness N 1⁄4 838 Grote et al. (2010) To assess maternal postnatal depression as a risk factor for overweight in later childhood Data obtained from a randomized controlled conducted in Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain EPDS assessed depressive symptoms at each time point No effe…”
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“Other studies have evaluated relationships between depression and growth either cross-sectionally [8] or measured depression at only one timepoint (pre- or post-natally), possibly explaining the lack of association [10].”
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“[27–30]”
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Does maternal psychopathology increase the risk of pre-schooler obesity? A systematic review
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Surkan, P. J., Ettinger, A. K., Ahmed, S., Minkovitz, C. S., & Strobino, D. M. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2118 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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“The overall growth outcomes for infants of depressed mothers have varied in the literature despite the concern that these mothers may not be emotionally or physically able to provide necessary feeding care (Wright et al., 2006; Stewart, 2007; Grote et al., 2010; Gaffney et al., 2014).”
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“A cohort study in five European countries indicates that high maternal postnatal depression score does not have negative effect on infant growth [10].”
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“Similarly, the limited research on maternal depressive symptoms and child height and weight has produced mixed results, with some studies finding positive associations between exposure to maternal depressive symptoms during infancy and their children’s subsequent probability of being overweight((14,24)) and others fin…”
Maternal Depression and Childhood Overweight in the CHAMACOS Study of Mexican-American Children
Audelo, J., Kogut, K. R., Harley, K. G., Rosas, L. G., Stein, L. J., & Eskenazi, B. (2016) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-016-1937-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“However, studies of similar design using the EPDS found no association between maternal depressive symptoms during infancy and child overweight at 2 years in Europe (n = 929) [17] or between maternal depression during toddlerhood and child overweight at 4 years in Brazil (n = 4,287) [28].”
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“A meta-analysis of 59 studies from North America, Europe, Australasia and Japan (n= 12,810) found an overall prevalence rate of PPD of 13% [3].”
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Content and format preferences of a depression prevention program: A study in perinatal women
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“Lower rates have been reported in Germany (6%) and Spain (8%), as well as in Belgium, Poland, and Italy (between 1316%; Grote et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe effects of secondhand smoke exposure on infant growth: a prospective cohort study.
Baheiraei, A., Shamsi, A., Mohsenifar, A., Kazemnejad, A., Hatmi, Z. N., Milani, M., & Keshavarz, A. A. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ören, E. D. T., & Karaçam, Z. (2015) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.12.009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Postpartum depression has serious effects on mother–baby bonding, infant care, infant growth and development and maternal and family health (Grote et al., 2010; Horowitz et al., 2013; Muzik et al., 2013).”
BackgroundOsma, J., Plaza, I., Crespo, E., Medrano, C., & Serrano, R. (2014) · IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI ...) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2014.6864423 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Maternal depressed mood and child development over the first five years of life in South Africa
Gordon, S. L., Rotheram-Fuller, E. J., Rezvan, P. H., Stewart, J., Christodoulou, J., & Tomlinson, M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.027 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Matthey, S. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Improving child outcomes through maternal mental health interventions
Meintjes, I., Field, S., Sanders, L., van Heyningen, T., & Honikman, S. (2010) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2010.528576 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Many studies cite rates of 13% in developed countries (Dennis et al. 2009, Gorman et al. 2004, Grote et al. 2010, Leahy-Warren and McCarthy 2007, Warner et al. 1996).”
BackgroundIntroduction of e-mental health in national health systems – A health professionals' perspective
Osma, J., Sprenger, M., & Mettler, T. (2017) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.07.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, the percentage of women affected by maternal depression is signi fi cant [6,7].”
BackgroundBereavement in Early Life and Later Childhood Overweight
Li, J., Olsen, J., Vestergaard, M., Obel, C., Baker, J. L., & Sørensen, T. I. A. (2012) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345933 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Weight-Related Parenting Behaviors
Morrissey, T. W. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1366-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These findings may shed light on some of the mechanisms underlying the documented effects of parental depression on children’s development [4, 15, 36–38].”
BackgroundAssociation between maternal depressive symptoms with child malnutrition or child excess weight
Lima, T. F. M., Maciel, W. M., de Alencar, M. N., Cruz, J. A. D. S., de Carvalho, C. A., & da Sílva, A. A. M. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil · doi:10.1590/1806-93042017000300010 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Factors Associated With Maternal Depression in the Maldives: A Prospective Cohort Study
Raheem, R. A., Chih, H., & Binns, C. W. (2018) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539518756380 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pre- and post-natal maternal anxiety and early childhood weight gain
Nawa, N., Black, M. M., Araya, R., Richiardi, L., & Surkan, P. J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.068 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Agrawal, P., Singh, P., & Singh, K. P. (2024) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2024.10.012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dois, A., Lucchini‐Raies, C., Luis Villarroel, D., & Uribe, C. (2013) · Revista chilena de pediatría · doi:10.4067/s0370-41062013000300006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Benton, P., Skouteris, H., & Hayden, M. J. (2015) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2015.1061519 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Four of these studies (Burdette et al., 2003; Gross, Velazco, Briggs, & Racine, 2013; Grote et al., 2010; Santos, Matijasevich, Domingues, Barros, & Barros, 2010) included such analyses in addition to their multivariate analyses to further examine the relationship between maternal psychosocial…”
BackgroundAssociation of Antidepressant Continuation in Pregnancy and Infant Birth Weight
Wartko, P. D., Weiss, N. S., Enquobahrie, D. A., Chan, K. C. G., Stephenson‐Famy, A., Mueller, B. A., & Dublin, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001410 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Oberlander, T. F., & Wisner, K. L. (2012) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371205700901 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Salsberry, P. J., Tanda, R., Anderson, S. E., & Kamboj, M. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_10 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“A study involving five European countries, however, has shown no relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and adiposity measures at age 24 months (Grote et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMaternal Depressive Symptoms and Attained Size Among Children in the First 2 Years of Life
Strobino, D. M., Ahmed, S., Mistry, K. B., Wasserman, E. E., Hossain, M. B., & Minkovitz, C. S. (2015) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2015.10.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Maternal depressiveness and infant growth outcomes: Findings from the MAASTHI cohort study in India
Shriyan, P., Khetrapal, S., van Schayck, O. C. P., & Babu, G. R. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111378 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“[1,59 – 65] Some studies suggest that PPD might cause only transitional adiposity, usually seen at four months of life but disappearing by one year of life.”
A quantitative comparison of two measures of postpartum depression
Holm, D.-M. L., Wohlfahrt, J., Rasmussen, M.-L. H., Corn, G., & Melbye, M. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03836-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Farías-Antúnez, S., Matijasevich, A., Barros, A. J. D., & Santos, I. S. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019005196 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This could help explain why studies with larger samples (those that include not only specific regions) and from developed countries tend to show no effect from maternal postnatal depression on the offspring’s growth(42).”
Wisner, K. L., & Schaefer, C. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408078-2.00012-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
He, Q., Cheng, G., He, S., Tian, G., Xie, X., Jiang, N., Min, X., Li, C., Li, R., Shi, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1135876 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with those of Ajslev et al. (6) and Grote et al. (11) from similar cohorts in Europe.”
BackgroundMallan, K. M., Daniels, L. A., Wilson, J. L., Jansen, E., & Nicholson, J. M. (2015) · Maternal & Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12116 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“To date, evidence for such an association is mixed (Grote et al. 2010; McPhie et al. 2012; Milgrom et al. 2012).”
BackgroundPourmirzaiee, M. A., Daniali, S. S., Riahi, R., Majidi, S., & Kelishadi, R. (2024) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_30_24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[12] Conversely, Grote et al .’s [13] study concluded that postnatal depression does not significantly affect offspring growth in European countries.”
BackgroundMåleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
Hanssen‐Bauer, K., & Welander-Vatn, A. (2012) · PsykTestBarn · doi:10.21337/0017 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…Solberg et al., 2011; Songøygard et al., 2012; Vik, Aass, Willumsen, & Hafting, 2009), tre hadde utvalg som ikke var norske (Cohen et al., 2002; Grote et al., 2010; T. Vik et al., 2009) og 8 publikasjoner rapporterte data som var rapportert like godt eller bedre i andre publikasjoner…”
BackgroundPrematurity and Failure to Thrive: The Interplay of Medical Conditions and Development
Blenner, S., Hironaka, L. K., Vanderbilt, D. L., & Frank, D. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_20 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Supporting the Viability of E-Health Services with Pattern-Based Business Model Design
Sprenger, M. (2016) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44672-1_14 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Association of maternal psychological distress with children with overweight/obesity in Ethiopia
Biadgilign, S., Mgutshini, T., Deribew, A., Gelaye, B., & Memiah, P. T. N. (2022) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13057 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Similar findings were observed from other studies that found no indication of an aetiological relationship between maternal distress and the development of childhood (Ajslev et al., 2010; Grote et al., 2010; Guxens et al., 2013; L. Wang et al., 2013).”
ResultFailure to Thrive and Population Health: The Impact of Disparities and Social Determinants
Frank, D. A., & Rogers, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14164-5_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abera, M., Berhane, M., Grijalva-Eternod, C. S., Abdissa, A., Abate, N., Hailu, E., Barthorp, H., Allen, E., McGrath, M., Girma, T., et al. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003139 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bakare, M. O., Bello-Mojeed, M. A., Münir, K., Duduyemi, O., Orovwigho, A. O., Odetunde, O. I., Taiwo, O., Olofinlade, J., Omotoso, O., Famurewa, O., et al. (2017) · Matters · doi:10.19185/matters.201707000005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Maternal PPD and infant growth Previous studies [1] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]had documented association between maternal depressive symptoms and child stunting.”
The effect of maternal anxiety levels on the transition period to complementary feeding
Köksal, A. O., Çamurdan, A. D., Acar, Ş. S., Aksakal, F. N. B., & Çakır, B. Ç. (2023) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/13455 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alarcón‐Guevara, S., Peñafiel‐Sam, J., Chang‐Cabanillas, S., & Pereyra‐Elías, R. (2020) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12827 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modelo de intervención temprana en la depresión posparto en un hospital de tercer nivel
Lara, L. A., Ornelas, J. R., Rivera, W. A., Bocanegra, E. E. C., Madrigal, G. O., Díaz, M. C., Ambriz, S. G., & Chávez, J. F. C. (2012) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Morrissey, R. K. D. T. W. (2015) · Journal of Womens Health Issues and Care · doi:10.4172/2325-9795.1000179 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Indeed, some research finds no associations of maternal depression with infant growth [47], weight outcomes of children at school age [48], or with children’s BMI [49].”
BackgroundMaková, M., Kašparová, S., Bačiak, L., Gogola, D., Sumbalová, Z., Brucknerová, I., Bukatová, S., & Dubovický, M. (2025) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2025.105981 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kheirabadi, G. R., Sadri, S., & Molaeinezhd, M. (2017) · clinics in Mother and Child Health · doi:10.4172/2090-7214.1000271 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“study, who found that high rates of postnatal depression, as measured by the Scale of Edinburgh, had no significant effect on the growth of children in developed countries [22].”
BackgroundUngar, M. T., Hadfield, K., Bush, N. R., Quesnel‐Vallée, A., & Pekelny, I. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24864-2_8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Molavi, P., Shargi, A., Nader-Mohammadi, M., Salvat, H., & Tavakoli, P. (2019) · مجله سلامت و بهداشت · doi:10.29252/j.health.10.3.336 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Influence of Maternal Psychosocial Factors and Household Composition on Infant Feeding Outcomes
Barrett, K. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/vvn3-ag93
Lucci, T. K. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.47.2013.tde-08012014-084353
Carlesso, J. P. P., & de Souza, A. P. R. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Morais, M. D. L. S. E., Lucci, T. K., & Otta, E. (2013)
Wartko, P. D. (2018) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Analysis on Postpartum Depression
Chen, C. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.211220.237
“But such influence might disappear after 12 months [42].”
BackgroundAbera, M., Berhane, M., Grijalva-Eternod, C. S., Abdissa, A., Abate, N., Hailu, E., Barthorp, H., Allen, E., McGrath, M., Girma, T., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.24305269
“Association between perinatal mood disorders of parents and child health outcomes”
Obikane, E., Yamana, H., Ono, S., Yasunaga, H., & Kawakami, N. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01463-z
“Previous studies in high-income countries (Drewett et al. 2004 ; Ertel et al. 2012 ; Grote et al. 2010 ; Husain et al. 2012 ) generally reported a insignificant association between maternal perinatal mood disorders and children who were underweight, in line with our finding.”
Additional file 1 of A quantitative comparison of two measures of postpartum depression
Holm, D.-M. L., Wohlfahrt, J., Rasmussen, M.-L. H., Corn, G., & Mads, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19387806
ANTENATAL DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY: PREGNANCY AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES IN A POPULATION-BASED STUDY
Schwartz, L. E. (2012) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
- Authors
- Grote, V., Vik, T., von Kries, R., Luque, V., Socha, J., Verduci, E., Carlier, C., Koletzko, B., & the European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group
- Affiliations
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Children's Memorial Health Institute (PL)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Koletzko, Berthold
- Venue
- BMC Pediatrics
- Published
- 2010-03-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-14
- ISSN
- 1471-2431 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2850333
- OpenAlex
- W2100603192
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 8.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rovira & Virgili repository (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- postpartum depression, child growth, infant growth faltering, childhood overweight, maternal depression, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, infant anthropometry, body mass index, skinfold thickness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Height, Body Weight, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Europe, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Mother-Child Relations, Mothers, Risk Factors, Skinfold Thickness, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Developed Countries, Depression, Postpartum, Overweight
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