Impact of Maternal Depression on Infant Nutritional Status and Illness: A Cohort Study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The risk for emotional and behavioral problems is known to be high among children of depressed mothers, but little is known about the impact of prenatal and postnatal depression on the physical health of infants. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether maternal depression is a risk factor for malnutrition and illness in infants living in a low-income country. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Rural community in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred thirty-two physically healthy women were assessed in their third trimester of pregnancy to obtain at birth a cohort of 160 infants of depressed mothers and 160 infants of psychologically well mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All infants were weighed and measured at birth and at 2, 6, and 12 months of age, and they were monitored for episodes of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. The mothers' mental states were reassessed at 2, 6, and 12 months. Data were collected on potential confounders of infant outcomes, such as birth weight and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Infants of prenatally depressed mothers showed significantly more growth retardation than controls at all time points. The relative risks for being underweight (weight-for-age z score of less than -2) were 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 7.7) at 6 months of age and 2.6 (95% CI, 1.7 to 4.1) at 12 months of age, and the relative risks for stunting (length-for-age z score of less than -2) were 4.4 (95% CI, 1.7 to 11.4) at 6 months of age and 2.5 (95% CI, 1.6 to 4.0) at 12 months of age. The relative risk for 5 or more diarrheal episodes per year was 2.4 (95% CI, 1.7 to 3.3). Chronic depression carried a greater risk for poor outcome than episodic depression. The associations remained significant after adjustment for confounders by multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal depression in the prenatal and postnatal periods predicts poorer growth and higher risk of diarrhea in a community sample of infants. As depression can be identified relatively easily, it could be an important marker for a high-risk infant group. Early treatment of prenatal and postnatal depression could benefit not only the mother's mental health but also the infant's physical health and development.
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Psychosocial stress in parents, including depressive or anxious symptoms, is associated with infant developmental delay and poor nutritional outcomes.
“Psychosocial stress in parents, including depressive or anxious symptoms, is also associated with infant developmental delay [5] and poor nutritional outcomes [8].”
From Material Hardship and Stress from COVID-19 in Immigrant Chinese American Families with Infants (2022) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Psychosocial stress in parents, including depressive or anxious symptoms, is also associated with infant developmental delay [5] and poor nutritional outcomes [8].”
Background
- Authors
- Rahman, A., Iqbal, Z., Bunn, J., Lovel, H., & Harrington, R.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2004-09-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 946
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2164407672
- Cited by
- 670
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 21.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- maternal depression, antenatal depression, postpartum depression, infant growth, infant malnutrition, stunting, underweight, diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, low-income countries, infant health, rural Pakistan, birth weight, socioeconomic status, high-risk infants, infant mortality risk factors, infant morbidity
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Diarrhea, Infantile, Female, Growth Disorders, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Nutritional Status, Pakistan, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Cohort Studies, Child Nutrition Disorders, Child of Impaired Parents, Depression, Postpartum
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