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Cited by 130Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPediatric Pain Management Techniques

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Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Norwegian pain catastrophizing scale in patients with low back pain

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Fernandes, Linda, Storheim, Kjersti, Lochting, Ida, Grotle, Margreth·2012·BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
DOI 10.1186/1471-2474-13-111PMC PMC3407790
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pain catastrophizing has been found to be an important predictor of disability and days lost from work in patients with low back pain. The most commonly used outcome measure to identify pain catastrophizing is the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). To enable the use of the PCS in clinical settings and research in Norwegian speaking patients, the PCS had to be translated. The purpose of this study was therefore to translate and cross-culturally adapt the PCS into Norwegian and to test internal consistency, construct validity and reproducibility of the PCS. METHODS: The PCS was translated before it was tested for psychometric properties. Patients with subacute or chronic non-specific low back pain aged 18 years or more were recruited from primary and secondary care. Validity of the PCS was assessed by evaluating data quality (missing, floor and ceiling effects), principal components analysis, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and construct validity (Spearman's rho). Reproducibility analyses included standard error of measurement, minimum detectable change, limits of agreement, and intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS: A total of 38 men and 52 women (n = 90), with a mean (SD) age of 47.6 (11.7) years, were included for baseline testing. A subgroup of 61 patients was included for test-retest assessments. The Norwegian PCS was easy-to-comprehend. The principal components analysis supported a three-factor structure, internal consistency was satisfactory for the PCS total score (α 0.90) and the subscales rumination (α 0.83) and helplessness (α 0.86), but not for the subscale magnification (α 0.53). In total, 86% of the correlation analyses were in accordance with predefined hypothesis. The reliability analyses showed intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.74 - 0.87 for the PCS total score and subscales. The PCS total score (range 0-52 points) showed a standard error of measurement of 4.6 points and a 95% minimum detectable change estimate of 12.8 points. CONCLUSIONS: The Norwegian PCS total score showed acceptable psychometric properties in terms of comprehensibility, consistency, construct validity, and reproducibility when applied to patients with subacute or chronic LBP from different clinical settings. Our study support the use of the PCS total score for clinical or research purposes identifying or evaluating pain catastrophizing.

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Figure 1 Scatter plot of intraindividual difference between test and retest against the grand mean of the total score of the Norwegian Pain Catastrophizing Scale (n = 60).
Figure 1 Scatter plot of intraindividual difference between test and retest against the grand mean of the total score of the Norwegian Pain Catastrophizing Scale (n = 60).CC BY · PubMed Central

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  1. Hesbacher PT, Rickels K, Morris RJ, Newman H, Rosenfeld H: Psychiatric illness in family practice. J Clin Psychiatry. 1980, 41: 6-10.

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Metadata

Authors
Fernandes, L., Storheim, K., Lochting, I., & Grotle, M.
Affiliations
Oslo University Hospital (NO)
Corresponding author
Fernandes, Linda
ORCID
Venue
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-06-22
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
111-111
ISSN
1471-2474 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1471-2474-13-111
PMC
PMC3407790
OpenAlex
W2063178009
Cited by
130
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI
3.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Keywords
pain catastrophizing, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, cross-cultural adaptation, Norwegian translation, low back pain, psychometric properties, construct validity, internal consistency, reproducibility, test-retest reliability, minimal detectable change, rumination, helplessness, magnification
MeSH terms
Cross-Cultural Comparison, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Pain Measurement, Primary Health Care, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Low Back Pain, Catastrophization

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