The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A rational model for assessing and evaluating complex interventions in health care
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Understanding how new clinical techniques, technologies and other complex interventions become normalized in practice is important to researchers, clinicians, health service managers and policy-makers. This paper presents a model of the normalization of complex interventions. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2005 multiple qualitative studies were undertaken. These examined: professional-patient relationships; changing patterns of care; the development, evaluation and implementation of telemedicine and related informatics systems; and the production and utilization of evidence for practice. Data from these studies were subjected to (i) formative re-analysis, leading to sets of analytic propositions; and to (ii) a summative analysis that aimed to build a robust conceptual model of the normalization of complex interventions in health care. RESULTS: A normalization process model that enables analysis of the conditions necessary to support the introduction of complex interventions is presented. The model is defined by four constructs: interactional workability; relational integration; skill set workability and contextual integration. This model can be used to understand the normalization potential of new techniques and technologies in healthcare settings CONCLUSION: The normalization process model has face validity in (i) assessing the potential for complex interventions to become routinely embedded in everyday clinical work, and (ii) evaluating the factors that promote or inhibit their success and failure in practice.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A selection of approaches took a wider perspective and looked at whether the initiative benefits were perceived by staff and other stakeholders as valuable [8, 30, 42, 51, 61-63].”
From Navigating the sustainability landscape: a systematic review of sustainability approaches in healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“As an applied theoretical model, the NPM was restricted to a specific field of activity: the operationalization of complex healthcare interventions [7].”
From Development of a theory of implementation and integration: Normalization Process Theory (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“By the end of 2006, the NPM in its published form [7] was sufficient as a set of conceptual tools to analyse specific processes, and it has been successfully applied to this purpose [32-36].”
From Development of a theory of implementation and integration: Normalization Process Theory (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“1. A complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it confers an interactional advantage in flexibly accomplishing congruence and disposal;”
From Development of a theory of implementation and integration: Normalization Process Theory (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“4. A complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it confers an advantage on an organization in flexibly executing and realizing work.”
From Development of a theory of implementation and integration: Normalization Process Theory (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“2. A complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it equals or improves accountability and confidence within networks;”
From Development of a theory of implementation and integration: Normalization Process Theory (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The development of a set of explanatory ideas around normalization has shifted from an initial set of empirical generalizations presented as synthetic propositions or assertions [17], to a robust conceptual model that presented generalizable propositions [7], and finally to a middle-range theory that offers a set of mechanism-based explanations for processes of implementation, embedding, and integ”
From Development of a theory of implementation and integration: Normalization Process Theory (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“3. A complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it is calibrated to an agreed skill-set at a recognizable location in the division of labour;”
From Development of a theory of implementation and integration: Normalization Process Theory (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The theory recognises the complex nature of healthcare work and the human relationships on which that work depends, but it lacks a theoretical perspective on the technology itself and remains explicitly couched in assumptions of 'rationality' rather than in normative concerns about what constitutes good clinical practice.52”
In the citing paper
“The precursor to NPT, normalization process model (NPM), originated from a large body of work on eHealth and was developed to explain the observation that many eHealth initiatives failed to embed into routine practice [112,113].”
From Web-Based Interventions for Behavior Change and Self-Management: Potential, Pitfalls, and Progress (2012) · cites this paper as [113]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wagner, H. R., Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1968) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575405 · Cited by 46,525
The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies for Qualitative Research
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014 · Cited by 39,449
Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory
Latour, B. (2005) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199256044.001.0001 · Cited by 16,778
Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists
Strauss, A. L. (1987) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511557842 · Cited by 12,277
Powers, C. H., & Giddens, A. (1988) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2579442 · Cited by 8,854
(1951) · Cited by 8,693
Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor‐network‐theory
Turnbull, J. (2008) · New Zealand Geographer · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.2008.00151_4.x · Cited by 7,646
Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations
GREENHALGH, T., ROBERT, G., MACFARLANE, F., BATE, P., & KYRIAKIDOU, O. (2004) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.0887-378x.2004.00325.x · Cited by 7,448
Emirbayer, M., & Mische, A. (1998) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/231294 · Cited by 6,165
Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health
Campbell, M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7262.694 · Cited by 3,474 · cited 1×
“It is not surprising, therefore, that sponsors of trials of complex interventions are concerned with problems of accounting for their very complexity [19].”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Rogers EM: The diffusion of innovation. 1995, New York: Free Press, 4
- Rogers A, May C, Oliver D: Experiencing depression, experiencing the depressed: patients and doctors' accounts. J Mental Hlth. 2001, 10 (3): 317-334. 10.1080/09638230020023840. · DOI
- Dixon C: A multi-method evaluation of a training intervention for General Practitioners in the assessment and management of depression. PhD Thesis. 2000, University of Manchester
- Chapple A: Menorrhagia: General Practitioners' and womens' perceptions of this condition and its treatment. PhD Thesis. 1997, University of Manchester
- May C, Rapley T, Kaner EFS: Clinical reasoning, clinical trials, and risky drinkers in primary care: a qualitative study of British general practitioners. Addict Theory Res. 2006.
- Dowrick C, May C, Richardson M: North West Regional Health Authority Primary Care Initiative: Final Evaluation Report. 1997, University of Liverpool
- Fairhurst K: How do general practitioners experience satisfaction with their consultations. PhD Thesis. 2003, University of Edinburgh
- Cocksedge S: Listening as work: a qualitative investigation into general practitioners' perceptions. MD Thesis. 2003, University of Manchester
- Iles V, Sutherland K: Review of existing research evidence on change management and quality improvement. 2001, London: National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organization Research and Development
- Curry R, Trejo-Tinoco M, Wardle D: The use of information and communication technology to support independent living for older and disabled people. 2003, Department of Health: London
- Preston D: Telemedicine in the NHS. 2001, British Association of Dermatologists, Symposium on Teledermatology, Royal College of Physicians of London
- Audit Commission: Implementing telecare: strategic analysis and guidelines for policy makers, commissioners and providers. 2004, London: Audit Commission
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Implementing, Embedding, and Integrating Practices: An Outline of Normalization Process Theory
May, C., & Finch, T. (2009) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038509103208 · Cited by 2,115
Self-citationDevelopment of a theory of implementation and integration: Normalization Process Theory
May, C. R., Mair, F., Finch, T., MacFarlane, A., Dowrick, C., Treweek, S., Rapley, T., Ballini, L., Ong, B. N., Rogers, A., et al. (2009) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-29 · Cited by 1,409
“However, after a formal Normalization Process Model [7] was developed and presented at seminars and conferences during 2005 and 2006, a multi-disciplinary group of researchers formed around the model and began to refine and develop it – and, most importantly, to apply it to specific research problems.”
InfluentialSelf-citationImplementation, context and complexity
May, C. R., Johnson, M., & Finch, T. (2016) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-016-0506-3 · Cited by 978
Self-citationMay, C. R., Cummings, A., Girling, M., Bracher, M., Mair, F. S., May, C. M., Murray, E., Myall, M., Rapley, T., & Finch, T. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0758-1 · Cited by 683
“4 Interactions between NPM mechanisms: relational integration as an obligatory point of passage (Holtrop et al. [99]) processes.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMay, C., Finch, T., Mair, F., Ballini, L., Dowrick, C., Eccles, M., Gask, L., MacFarlane, A., Murray, E., Rapley, T., et al. (2007) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-148 · Cited by 768
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- May, C.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- May, Carl
- ORCID
- May, Carl
- Venue
- BMC Health Services Research
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 86-86
- ISSN
- 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1487109350
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 32.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- University of Toronto
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-000-27-0084)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
- Keywords
- complex interventions, telemedicine, professional-patient relationship, evidence-based practice, relational integration, contextual integration
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Depression, Diffusion of Innovation, United Kingdom, Humans, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Sociology, Medical, Systems Analysis, Technology Assessment, Biomedical, Reproducibility of Results, Low Back Pain, Models, Organizational, Telemedicine, Evidence-Based Medicine, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
