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Cited by 175Fatty Acid Research and HealthEdible Oils Quality and AnalysisAquaculture Nutrition and Growth

Enhanced increase of omega-3 index in healthy individuals with response to 4-week n-3 fatty acid supplementation from krill oil versus fish oil

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Ramprasath, Vanu R, Eyal, Inbal, Zchut, Sigalit, Jones, Peter JH·2013·Lipids in Health and Disease
DOI 10.1186/1476-511x-12-178PMC PMC4235028
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Due to structural differences, bioavailability of krill oil, a phospholipid based oil, could be higher than fish oil, a triglyceride-based oil, conferring properties that render it more effective than fish oil in increasing omega-3 index and thereby, reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the effects of krill oil compared with fish oil or a placebo control on plasma and red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid profile in healthy volunteers. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Twenty four healthy volunteers were recruited for a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. The study consisted of three treatment phases including krill or fish oil each providing 600 mg of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or placebo control, corn oil in capsule form. Each treatment lasted 4 wk and was separated by 8 wk washout phases. RESULTS: Krill oil consumption increased plasma (p = 0.0043) and RBC (p = 0.0011) n-3 PUFA concentrations, including EPA and DHA, and reduced n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios (plasma: p = 0.0043, RBC: p = 0.0143) compared with fish oil consumption. Sum of EPA and DHA concentrations in RBC, the omega-3 index, was increased following krill oil supplementation compared with fish oil (p = 0.0143) and control (p < 0.0001). Serum triglycerides and HDL cholesterol concentrations did not change with any of the treatments. However, total and LDL cholesterol concentrations were increased following krill (TC: p = 0.0067, LDL: p = 0.0143) and fish oil supplementation (TC: p = 0.0028, LDL: p = 0.0143) compared with control. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of krill oil was well tolerated with no adverse events. Results indicate that krill oil could be more effective than fish oil in increasing n-3 PUFA, reducing n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, and improving the omega-3 index. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01323036.

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  • Different esterified forms of polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit different levels of bioavailability and effectiveness of their bioactivities.

    “Several studies have shown that different esterified forms of polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibited different levels of bioavailability and effectiveness of their bioactivities.”

    From Solid Matrix-Supported Supercritical CO2 Enhances Extraction of γ-Linolenic Acid from the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Bioactivity Evaluation of the Molecule in Zebrafish (2019) · cites this paper as [57]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports higher plasma omega-3 levels after krill oil than after fish oil and says this might indicate higher bioavailability; the Results also report a larger increase in the omega-3 index. The Background (page unavailable) suggests differences in CVD risk-marker effects, but the paper does not establish that esterified forms generally differ in the effectiveness of their bioactivities. The claim states that broader conclusion more firmly than the source does. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • DHA-PC produced a more significant improvement in brain development, cognitive performance and emotional well-being than DHA-TG.

    “For example, docosahexaenoic acid-phosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) produced a more significant improvement in brain development, cognitive performance and emotional well-being than docosahexaenoic acid-triglyceride (DHA-TG) [56,57,58].”

    From Solid Matrix-Supported Supercritical CO2 Enhances Extraction of γ-Linolenic Acid from the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Bioactivity Evaluation of the Molecule in Zebrafish (2019) · cites this paper as [57]

    The Background and Discussion report better absorption and delivery of phospholipid-bound DHA to the brain than triglyceride-bound DHA, but do not report improvements in brain development, cognitive performance, or emotional well-being. A search for those outcomes in our copy found no comparison of DHA-PC with DHA-TG on any of them. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)

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Authors
Ramprasath, V. R., Eyal, I., Zchut, S., & Jones, P. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Manitoba (CA)
  • Tower Semiconductor (Israel) (IL)
Corresponding author
Jones, Peter JH
ORCID
Jones, Peter JH
Venue
Lipids in Health and Disease
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-12
Volume
12
Issue
1
Pages
178-178
ISSN
1476-511X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1476-511x-12-178
PMC
PMC4235028
OpenAlex
W2140531245
Cited by
175
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12
FWCI
14.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Lipids in Health and Disease (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Mspace (University of Manitoba) (submittedVersion)
Funders
University of Haifa
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Keywords
krill oil, fish oil, omega-3 index, omega-3 fatty acids, EPA, docosahexaenoic acid, n-6/n-3 ratio, plasma fatty acid profile, cholesterol, serum triglycerides, cardiovascular risk, dietary supplementation
MeSH terms
Adult, Animals, Corn Oil, Dietary Fats, Unsaturated, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Double-Blind Method, Female, Fish Oils, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Triglycerides, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Cross-Over Studies, Euphausiacea, Healthy Volunteers

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