Cited by 1,040Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular DiseasesLipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthCholesterol and Lipid Metabolism

Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease

Open access
Frostegård, Johan·2013·BMC Medicine

Abstract

Atherosclerosis, the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic inflammatory condition with immune competent cells in lesions producing mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dead cells and oxidized forms of low density lipoproteins (oxLDL) are abundant. The major direct cause of CVD appears to be rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. oxLDL has proinflammatory and immune-stimulatory properties, causes cell death at higher concentrations and contains inflammatory phospholipids with phosphorylcholine (PC) as an interesting epitope. Antibodies against PC (anti-PC) may be atheroprotective, one mechanism being anti-inflammatory. Bacteria and virus have been discussed, but it has been difficult to find direct evidence, and antibiotic trials have not been successful. Heat shock proteins could be one major target for atherogenic immune reactions. More direct causes of plaque rupture include pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. To prove that inflammation is a cause of atherosclerosis and CVD, clinical studies with anti-inflammatory and/or immune-modulatory treatment are needed. The potential causes of immune reactions and inflammation in atherosclerosis and how inflammation can be targeted therapeutically to provide novel treatments for CVD are reviewed.

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  1. Fiskesund R Su J Viksröm M Faire U Frostegård J Phosphorylcholine antibodies of the Group I idiotype inhibit cell death and, at high levels, are strong protection markers for atherosclerosis development, particularly when combined with other antibodies against modified LDL Results Immunol 2012 2 13 18 24371562 PMC3862347

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Authors
Frostegård, J.
Affiliations
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author
Frostegård, Johan
Venue
BMC Medicine
Published
2013-05-01
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
117-117
ISSN
1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2125951189
Cited by
1,040
References
131
Citations by year
2026: 62 · 2025: 113 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 7
FWCI
3.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Keywords
atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, oxidized LDL, plaque rupture, phosphorylcholine, anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies, heat shock proteins, chemokines, lipid mediators, atheroprotection, immunomodulatory therapy
MeSH terms
Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Inflammation, Atherosclerosis

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