Cited by 285Balance, Gait, and Falls PreventionMotor Control and AdaptationDeep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders

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Effect of gait speed on gait rhythmicity in Parkinson's disease: variability of stride time and swing time respond differently

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Frenkel-Toledo, Silvi, Giladi, Nir, Peretz, Chava, Herman, Talia, Gruendlinger, Leor, Hausdorff, Jeffrey M·2005·Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

DOI 10.1186/1743-0003-2-23PMC PMC1188069

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The ability to maintain a steady gait rhythm is impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). This aspect of locomotor dyscontrol, which likely reflects impaired automaticity in PD, can be quantified by measuring the stride-to-stride variability of gait timing. Previous work has shown an increase in both the variability of the stride time and swing time in PD, but the origins of these changes are not fully understood. Patients with PD also generally walk with a reduced gait speed, a potential confounder of the observed changes in variability. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between walking speed and gait variability. METHODS: Stride time variability and swing time variability were measured in 36 patients with PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage 2-2.5) and 30 healthy controls who walked on a treadmill at four different speeds: 1) Comfortable walking speed (CWS), 2) 80% of CWS 3) 90% of CWS, and 4) 110% of CWS. In addition, we studied the effects of walking slowly on level ground, both with and without a walker. RESULTS: Consistent with previous findings, increased variability of stride time and swing time was observed in the patients with PD in CWS, compared to controls. In both groups, there was a small but significant association between treadmill gait speed and stride time variability such that higher speeds were associated with lower (better) values of stride time variability (p = 0.0002). In contrast, swing time variability did not change in response to changes in gait speed. Similar results were observed with walking on level ground. CONCLUSION: The present results demonstrate that swing time variability is independent of gait speed, at least over the range studied, and therefore, that it may be used as a speed-independent marker of rhythmicity and gait steadiness. Since walking speed did not affect stride time variability and swing time variability in the same way, it appears that these two aspects of gait rhythmicity are not entirely controlled by the same mechanisms. The present findings also suggest that the increased gait variability in PD is disease-related, and not simply a consequence of bradykinesia.

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Figure 1 Stride length, stride time variability and swing time variability as measured at four different gait speeds on the treadmill. There were small but significant associations between gait speed and stride length and between gait speed and stride time variability, but swing time variability was not related to gait speed. CWS: comfortable walking speed. Values shown are based on mixed model estimates.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Frenkel-Toledo, S., Giladi, N., Peretz, C., Herman, T., Gruendlinger, L., & Hausdorff, J. M.
Affiliations: Tel Aviv University (IL)
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (IL)
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Hausdorff, Jeffrey M
ORCID: Giladi, Nir
Peretz, Chava
Herman, Talia
Hausdorff, Jeffrey M
Venue: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-07-31
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 23-23
ISSN: 1743-0003 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-2-23
PMC: PMC1188069
OpenAlex: W2095634651
Cited by: 285
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 22.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Parkinson's Disease Foundation
National Institute on Aging
National Center for Research Resources
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
Keywords: Parkinson's disease, walking speed, stride time variability, gait variability, automaticity, bradykinesia, treadmill walking, walker use

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Effect of gait speed on gait rhythmicity in Parkinson's disease: variability of stride time and swing time respond differently

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