Sequence analysis of Drd2, Drd4, and Dat1 in SHR and WKY rat strains
Open accessAbstract
Background: The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) shows a number of behaviours that closely parallel those seen in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These include motor hyperactivity, excessive responses under a fixed-interval/extinction schedule, difficulty in acquiring operant tasks and increased sensitivity to immediate behavioural reinforcement. As in children with ADHD, the behavioural and cognitive deficits in the SHR are responsive to stimulants, including d-amphetamine and d,l-methylphenidate. The non-hyperactive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat strain is often used as a control in behavioural studies of the SHR, and WKY itself has been suggested to be a useful animal model of depression. Numerous studies have shown that dopaminergic neurotransmission is altered between the two strains. Human genetic studies have found associations between several dopaminergic genes and both ADHD and depression. Methods: We sequenced three candidate dopaminergic genes (Drd2, Drd4, and Dat1) in the SHR and WKY to identify between-strain sequence differences. Results: No between-strain sequence differences were found in either Drd2 or Drd4, but several variations were found in the Dat1 gene that encodes the dopamine transporter. Conclusion: It is plausible that DNA sequence changes in the Dat1 gene account for some of the behavioural differences observed between the SHR and WKY strains. Future work will focus on elucidating the functional effects of the observed polymorphisms.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The SHR possesses a 160-bp insertion in the noncoding region upstream of exon 3 of the DAT gene.
“The SHR possesses a 160-bp insertion in the noncoding region upstream of exon 3 of the DAT gene [455]”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [455]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Development of a Strain of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
OKAMOTO, K., & AOKI, K. (1963) · Japanese Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/jcj.27.282 · Cited by 2,545 · see citing works
Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J. W., Goralnick, J. J., Holmgren, M. A., & Sklar, P. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024 · Cited by 2,357 · see citing works
Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Dougherty, D. D., Bonab, A. A., Spencer, T. J., Rauch, S. L., Madras, B. K., & Fischman, A. J. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)04030-1 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Sagvolden, T. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00058-5 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Self-citationRodent Models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Sagvolden, T., Russell, V. A., Aase, H., Johansen, E. B., & Farshbaf, M. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.002 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Self-citationA rapid method for the purification of DNA from blood
Jeanpierre, M. (1987) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/15.22.9611 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Dopamine, depression and antidepressants
Dailly, É., Chenu, F., Renard, C. E., & Bourin, M. (2004) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00287.x · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Dresel, S., Krause, J., Krause, K.-H., LaFougere, C., Brinkbäumer, K., Kung, H. F., Hahn, K., & Tatsch, K. (2000) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s002590000330 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Lower dopamine transporter binding potential in striatum during depression
Meyer, J. H., Krüger, S., Wilson, A. A., Christensen, B. K., Goulding, V. S., Schaffer, A., Minifie, C., Houle, S., Hussey, D., & Kennedy, S. H. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200112210-00052 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Davids, E., Zhang, K., Tarazi, F. I., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00274-6 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Sagvolden, T., Metzger, M. A., Schiørbeck, H., Rugland, A.-L., Spinnangr, I., & Sagvolden, G. (1992) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/0163-1047(92)90315-u · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationAnimal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Russell, V. A., Sagvolden, T., & Johansen, E. B. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-1-9 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationWill, C. C., Aird, F., & Redei, E. E. (2003) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001345 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Russell, V. A., de Villiers, A. S., Sagvolden, T., Lamm, M. C. L., & Taljaard, J. J. F. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00177-0 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationAre Wistar-Kyoto rats a genetic animal model of depression resistant to antidepressants?
Lahmame, A., del Arco, C., Pazos, Á., Yritia, M., & Armario, A. (1997) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01276-4 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Garza, R. D. L., & Mahoney, J. J. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.052 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Russell, V. A. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.010 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The dopamine transporter: relevance to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Madras, B. K., Miller, G. M., & Fischman, A. J. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00439-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Brain dopamine transporter in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Watanabe, Y., Fujita, M., Ito, Y., Okada, T., Kusuoka, H., & Nishimura, T. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Strain differences in the distribution of dopamine transporter sites in rat brain
Jiao, X., Paré, W. P., & Tejani‐Butt, S. M. (2003) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(03)00150-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A morphometric evidence for a hyperfunctioning mesolimbic system in an animal model of ADHD
Viggiano, D., Grammatikopoulos, G., & Sadile, A. G. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00423-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The genetics of depression and related traits
Huezo-Diaz, P., Tandon, K., & Aitchison, K. J. (2005) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-005-0008-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Sagvolden, T., Johansen, E. B., Wøien, G., Walaas, S. I., Storm‐Mathisen, J., Bergersen, L. H., Hvalby, Ø., Jensen, V., Aase, H., Russell, V. A., et al. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.004 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationMultidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation
Berger, A., Kofman, O., Livneh, U., & Henik, A. (2007) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.06.004 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Groman, S. M., James, A. S., & Jentsch, J. D. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.008 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Overview of Animal Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Russell, V. A. (2011) · Current Protocols in Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns0935s54 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Neurobiology of animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Russell, V. A. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.12.005 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the dopaminergic hypotheses
Genro, J. P., Kieling, C., Rohde, L. A., & Hutz, M. H. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.17 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Pandolfo, P., Machado, N. J., Köfalvi, A., Takahashi, R. N., & Cunha, R. A. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.04.011 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Review of Rodent Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Regan, S. L., Williams, M. T., & Vorhees, C. (2021) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.041 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sagvolden, T., & Johansen, E. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_126 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationHarvey, R. C., Sen, S., Deaciuc, A., Dwoskin, L. P., & Kantak, K. M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.223 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Zhang‐James, Y., Middleton, F. A., & Faraone, S. V. (2013) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00002.2013 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Roessner, V., Sagvolden, T., DasBanerjee, T., Middleton, F. A., Faraone, S. V., Walaas, S. I., Becker, A., Rothenberger, A., & Bock, N. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.073 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention-deficit/hyperactive disorder updates
Kessi, M., Duan, H., Xiong, J., Chen, B., He, F., Yang, L., Ma, Y., Bamgbade, O. A., Peng, J., & Yin, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.925049 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Jordan, C. J., Harvey, R. C., Baskin, B. B., Dwoskin, L. P., & Kantak, K. M. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.020 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hand, D. J., Fox, A. T., & Reilly, M. P. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.09.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Neurobiologie des Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätssyndroms
Renner, T., Gerlach, M., Romanos, M., Herrmann, M. J., Reif, A., Fallgatter, A. J., & Lesch, K. (2008) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-008-2513-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Womersley, J. S., Hsieh, J. H., Kellaway, L. A., Gerhardt, G. A., & Russell, V. A. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-49 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Somkuwar, S. S., Kantak, K. M., Bardo, M. T., & Dwoskin, L. P. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Vendruscolo, L. F., Izídio, G. S., & Takahashi, R. N. (2009) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473710902020177 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Thanos, P. K., Ivanov, I., Robinson, J. K., Michaelides, M., Wang, G., Swanson, J. M., Newcorn, J. H., & Volkow, N. D. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.09.019 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Reprint of “Neurobiology of animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder”
Russell, V. A. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.12.020 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kim, P., Choi, I.-H., Peña, I. C. D., Kim, H.-J., Kwon, K.-J., Park, J., Han, S., Ryu, J.-H., Cheong, J.-H., & Shin, C.-Y. (2012) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.1.125 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Jordan, C. J., Taylor, D. M., Dwoskin, L. P., & Kantak, K. M. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.017 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mill, J. S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationBaskin, B. M., Dwoskin, L. P., & Kantak, K. M. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.01.019 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Perry, G. M. L., Sagvolden, T., & Faraone, S. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31070 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationKurzina, N. P., Volnova, A. B., Aristova, I., & Gainetdinov, R. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.654469 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pértile, R. A. N., Corvino, M. E., Marchette, R. C. N., Pavesi, E., Cavalli, J., Ramos, A., & Izídio, G. S. (2017) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-017-9865-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Miguel, P. M., Deniz, B. F., Confortim, H. D., Bronauth, L., de Oliveira, B. C., Alves, M. B., Silveira, P. P., & Pereira, L. O. (2019) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Aydın, A. G., & Adıgüzel, E. (2023) · Laboratory Animal Research · doi:10.1186/s42826-023-00172-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pereira, M. D. S., Sathler, M. F., Valli, T. D. R., Marques, R. S., Ventura, A., Peccinalli, N. R., Fraga, M., Manhães, A. C., & Kubrusly, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141249 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: translating research into practice
Coogan, A. N., Dobrean, A., Donev, R., Mateescu, L., Müller, U., Thome, J., & Voinescu, B. (2012) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-012-0073-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pitcher, T. L., Wickens, J. R., & Reynolds, J. N. J. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Калимуллина, Л. Б., Мусина, А. М., & Kuznetsova, G. N. (2013) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-013-9831-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Droguerre, M., Vidal, B., Valdebenito, M., Mouthon, F., Zimmer, L., & Charvériat, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.865140 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of Gestational Exercise on Nociception, BDNF, and Irisin Levels in an Animal Model of ADHD
Tosta, A., Fonseca, A. S., Jardim-Messeder, D., Ferreira, S. T., Lourenco, M. V., & Pandolfo, P. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Li, Y., Huang, Y., Chen, J. J., Hyland, B. I., & Wickens, J. R. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16269 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Semi-Automated Biomarker Discovery from Pharmacodynamic Effects on EEG in ADHD Rodent Models
Yokota, T., Struzik, Z. R., Jurica, P., Horiuchi, M., Hiroyama, S., Li, J., Takahara, Y., Ogawa, K., Nishitomi, K., Hasegawa, M., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23450-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pavlova, I. V., Зайченко, М. И., Merzhanova, G. K., & Grigoryan, G. A. (2020) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-020-00937-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Use of Object Recognition Task in Animal Models of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Prediger, R. D., França, A. P., Izídio, G. S., & Takahashi, R. N. (2018) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812012-5.00023-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Elia, J., Lantieri, F., Takeda, T., Gai, X., White, P. S., Devoto, M., & Hakonarson, H. H. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139025997.016 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sergeant, J. A., Aase, H., Faraone, S. V., Johansen, E. B., Kalaria, R. N., Meyer, A., Russell, V. A., Sadile, A. G., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Tannock, R. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Skubic, S. G., Wynter, Z., Kramer, M. M., & Hales, J. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1797607 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sergeant, J. A., Aase, H., Faraone, S. V., Johansen, E. B., Kalaria, R. N., Meyer, A., Russell, V. A., Sadile, A. G., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Tannock, R. (2011) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31190
Nevrokjemiske undersøkelser av to dyremodeller for ADHD
Rostad, O. (2009)
Granzotto, N., Boeder, A. M., de Araújo, J. F. P., Soares, E. S., Cimarosti, H., Bertoglio, L. J., Fernández‐Teruel, A., & Izídio, G. S. (2026) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2026.174230
Gaik, N., Dzierkacz, E., & Faron‐Górecka, A. (2026) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-026-00878-y
- Authors
- Mill, J., Sagvolden, T., & Asherson, P.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Asherson, Philip
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Functions
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-24
- ISSN
- 1744-9081 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1363350
- OpenAlex
- W2115841882
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Functions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- dopamine D2 receptor, dopamine D4 receptor, dopamine transporter, DAT1, DRD2, DRD4, spontaneously hypertensive rats, Wistar-Kyoto rats, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, animal models of depression, dopaminergic genes, genetic polymorphism, sequence variation, motor hyperactivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
