ADHD characteristics: I. Concurrent co-morbidity patterns in children & adolescents
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: 342 Caucasian subjects with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were recruited from pediatric and behavioral health clinics for a genetic study. Concurrent comorbidity was assessed to characterize the clinical profile of this cohort. METHODS: Subjects 6 to 18 years were diagnosed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders & Schizophrenia for School aged Children (K-SADS-P IVR). RESULTS: The most prevalent diagnoses co-occurring with ADHD were Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) (40.6%), Minor Depression/Dysthymia (MDDD) (21.6%), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (15.2%). In Inattentive ADHD (n = 106), 20.8% had MDDD, 20.8% ODD, and 18.6% GAD; in Hyperactive ADHD (n = 31) 41.9% had ODD, 22.2% GAD, and 19.4% MDDD. In Combined ADHD, (n = 203), 50.7% had ODD, 22.7% MDDD and 12.4% GAD. MDDD and GAD were equally prevalent in the ADHD subtypes but, ODD was significantly more common among Combined and Hyperactive ADHD compared to Inattentive ADHD. The data suggested a subsample of Irritable prepubertal children exhibiting a diagnostic triad of ODD, Combined ADHD, and MDDD may account for the over diagnosing of Bipolar Disorder. CONCLUSION: Almost 2/3rd of ADHD children have impairing comorbid diagnoses; Hyperactive ADHD represents less than 10% of an ADHD sample; ODD is primarily associated with Hyperactive and Combined ADHD; and, MDDD may be a significant morbidity for ADHD youths from clinical samples.
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Boys with ADHD are more likely to exhibit externalizing conditions like oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder.
“Boys are more likely to exhibit externalizing conditions like oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder.17,19,20”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results report no significant sex differences in the diagnostic frequency patterns, including oppositional defiant disorder; the only exception was separation anxiety, which was more common in girls. The paper therefore does not support the claim that boys with ADHD are more likely than girls to have these externalizing conditions. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe majority of both boys and girls with ADHD also meet diagnostic criteria for another mental disorder.
“The majority of both boys and girls with ADHD also meet diagnostic criteria for another mental disorder.17,18”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results report that 36.3% of the ADHD sample had no additional diagnosis, so a majority had at least one. The paper does not report this proportion separately for boys and girls; its statement that most diagnostic frequency patterns did not differ significantly by sex does not establish a majority in each group. The sample was also a selected clinical cohort. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Elia, J., Ambrosini, P., & Berrettini, W.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elia, Josephine
- Venue
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
- Published
- 2008-07-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-15
- ISSN
- 1753-2000 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2500004
- OpenAlex
- W2027869568
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k23mh066275-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH066275, K23MH066275-01)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024134)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, comorbidities, oppositional defiant disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, ADHD subtypes, inattentive type ADHD, combined type ADHD, irritability, children and adolescents
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