The relationship between glycemic variability and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes with well-controlled HbA1c
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes. Glycemic variability could be an independent risk factor for diabetes complications in addition to average glucose. Type 2 diabetes with well-controlled glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) may have different terms of glycemic variability and vascular complication consequences. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between glycemic variability and DPN in type 2 diabetes with well-controlled HbA1c (HbA1c < 7.0%). METHODS: 45 type 2 diabetes with well-controlled HbA1c(HbA1c < 7.0%) and with DPN (DM/DPN group) were recruited in the study, and 45 type 2 diabetes with well-controlled HbA1c and without DPN (DM/-DPN group) were set as controls. The two groups were also matched for age and diabetic duration. Blood pressure, body mass index(BMI), insulin sensitivity index (Matsuda index, ISI), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) were tested in the two groups. And all patients were monitored using the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system for consecutive 72 hours. The multiple parameters of glycemic variability included the standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG), mean of daily differences (MODD) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE). RESULTS: The DM/DPN group had a greater SDBG, MODD and MAGE, when compared to the DM/-DPN group (p < 0.05). BMI, TC, and LDLC of DM/DPN group were lower than those of DM/-DPN group (p < 0.05). The patients with hypoglycemia were comparable between the two groups (p > 0.05). Univariate analysis showed DPN was closely associated with BMI (OR 0.82, CI 0.72-0.94, p = 0.005), TC (OR 0.63, CI 0.42-0.93, p = 0.02), LDLC (OR 0.4, CI 0.20-0.80, p = 0.009), SDBG (OR 2.95, CI 1.55-5.61, p = 0.001), MODD (OR 4.38, CI 1.48-12.93, p = 0.008), MAGE (OR 2.18, CI 1.47-3.24, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MAGE (OR 2.05, CI 1.36-3.09, p = 0.001) and BMI (OR 0.85, CI 0.73-0.99, p = 0.033) were significantly correlating with DPN. Glycemic variability, evaluated by MAGE, was the most significantly independent risk factor for DPN. CONCLUSIONS: There was a close relationship between glycemic variability evaluated by MAGE and DPN in type 2 diabetes with well-controlled HbA1c.
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There is inconsistency in the relationship between glucose variability and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the literature.
“There is inconsistency in the relationship between glucose variability and DPN in the literature, and some research indicates that for type 2 DM, glucose variability may be regarded as a marker of beta-cell function rather than direct cause of DPN.37–39”
From Glucose time in range and peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Xu, F., Zhao, L.-H., Su, J.-B., Chen, T., Wang, X.-Q., Chen, J.-F., Wu, G., Jin, Y., & Wang, X.-H.
- Affiliations
- Nantong University (CN)
- Venue
- Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 139-139
- ISSN
- 1758-5996 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4272789
- OpenAlex
- W2157110135
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 6.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- glycemic variability, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, type 2 diabetes, HbA1c control, continuous glucose monitoring, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, mean of daily differences, body mass index, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin sensitivity, hypoglycemia, microvascular complications, glycemic control
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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