A review of the evidence for the canonical Wnt pathway in autism spectrum disorders
Open accessAbstract
Microdeletion and microduplication copy number variations are found in patients with autism spectrum disorder and in a number of cases they include genes that are involved in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway (for example, FZD9, BCL9 or CDH8). Association studies investigating WNT2, DISC1, MET, DOCK4 or AHI1 also provide evidence that the canonical Wnt pathway might be affected in autism. Prenatal medication with sodium-valproate or antidepressant drugs increases autism risk. In animal studies, it has been found that these medications promote Wnt signaling, including among others an increase in Wnt2 gene expression. Notably, the available genetic information indicates that not only canonical Wnt pathway activation, but also inhibition seems to increase autism risk. The canonical Wnt pathway plays a role in dendrite growth and suboptimal activity negatively affects the dendritic arbor. In principle, this provides a logical explanation as to why both hypo- and hyperactivity may generate a similar set of behavioral and cognitive symptoms. However, without a validated biomarker to stratify for deviant canonical Wnt pathway activity, it is probably too dangerous to treat patients with compounds that modify pathway activity.
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Wnt signaling has multiple roles, including in cell adhesion, dendritic remodeling, and early brain development.
“However, as clearly summarized by Kalkman (Kalkman, 2012), one must recognize the multiple roles of Wnt signaling, not only in cell adhesion and dendritic remodeling but also in early brain development (Rosso et al., 2005; Salinas and Zou, 2008; Ueda et al., 2008; Wayman et al., 2006; Yu and Malenka, 2003).”
From Unifying Views of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Consideration of Autoregulatory Feedback Loops (2016) · cites this paper as Kalkman, 2012
Studies on hcASD genes and iPSC-derived ASD neurons highlight signaling pathways that are commonly disrupted, such as PI3K/AKT, RAS/ERK, WNT and β-catenin.
“Consistently, studies on hcASD genes and iPSC-derived ASD neurons highlight signaling pathways that are commonly disrupted, such as PI3K/AKT [79, 80], RAS/ERK [79, 80, 82, 83], WNT and β-catenin [57, 83, 84].”
From The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
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Wnt2 Regulates Progenitor Proliferation in the Developing Ventral Midbrain
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The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype
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Chd8 mediates cortical neurogenesis via transcriptional regulation of cell cycle and Wnt signaling
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Unifying Views of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Consideration of Autoregulatory Feedback Loops
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Xiao, Y., Peng, Y., Wan, J., Tang, G., Chen, Y., Tang, J., Ye, W.-C., Ip, N. Y., & Shi, L. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.458612 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kalkman, H.
- Affiliations
- Novartis (Switzerland) (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kalkman, Hans
- Venue
- Molecular Autism
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10
- ISSN
- 2040-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3492093
- OpenAlex
- W2134017697
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Molecular Autism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, canonical Wnt signaling pathway, copy number variation, FZD9, BCL9, CDH8, Wnt2, DISC1, MET, DOCK4, AHI1, prenatal valproate exposure, antidepressant exposure, dendritic arbor development, biomarkers, Wnt pathway inhibitors
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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