The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 27 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise
Open accessAbstract
Background: The purpose of the study was to examine how bone mineral density (BMD) is related to body composition depending on the practiced sport (endurance, speed-power, throwing sports) in participants of the World Masters Athletics Championship. Methods: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine BMD and bone mass (BMC). Body composition was analyzed by means of the JAWON Medical X-scan analyzer using bioelectrical impedance methods. Percentage body fat (%BF), body fat mass (BFM), lean body mass (LBM), total body water (TBW), soft lean mass (SLM), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) were evaluated. Results: Among men, the most important variables affecting the BMD norm were LBM (OR = 32.578; p = 0.023), ECW (OR = 0.003; p = 0.016) and ICW (OR = 0.011; p = 0.031), in the distal part and SLM (OR = 5.008; p = 0.020) and ICW (0.354, p = 0.008) in the proximal part. In women, the most important predictors of normal BMD were ICW (OR = 10.174; p = 0.003) and LBM (OR = 0.470; p = 0.020) in the distal part and ICW (OR = 5.254; p = 0.038) in the proximal part. Conclusion: The representatives of strength based events had the most advantageous BMD levels. The condition of bone tissue evaluated by BMC and BMD of the forearm in masters athletes was strongly determined by the level of lean body components and the type of sports training associated with the track and field event. In the most important predictors of the BMD norm were also hydration components ECW and ICW. However, this relationship requires more research on the nature and mechanisms of these interactions.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
In 244 World Masters Athletics Championship participants, throwing athletes had the most favorable forearm bone mineral density (BMD)/bone mass and the lowest osteoporosis prevalence, while lean and hydration body-composition components predicted normal BMD. The authors conclude that strength-based track-and-field events are associated with better bone status, but the ICW/ECW relationships need further research.
Key findings
Throwing athletes (TA) had the highest BMD/BMC: men’s distal R+U BMD was 0.488 g/cm² in TA vs 0.420 in endurance (EA) and 0.446 in speed-power (SPA); women’s proximal R+U BMD was 0.783 g/cm² in TA vs 0.649 in EA and 0.713 in SPA. No osteoporosis cases were observed in male TA; women TA had 10.5% osteoporosis in proximal R+U, compared with 50.0% in EA and 37.5% in SPA. Low bone status was common: 87.5% of women EA and 60% of women SPA had underestimated BMD in proximal R+U; in men, >50% of EA and SPA had underestimated BMD in the proximal part. Logistic regression predictors of normal BMD included, in men, distal LBM (OR = 32.578; p = 0.023), ECW (OR = 0.003; p = 0.016), ICW (OR = 0.011; p = 0.031), proximal SLM (OR = 5.008; p = 0.020), and ICW (OR = 0.354; p = 0.008); in women, distal ICW (OR = 10.174; p = 0.003), LBM (OR = 0.470; p = 0.020), and proximal ICW (OR = 5.254; p = 0.038).
Methods
Cross-sectional study of 244 masters athletes at the March 2019 World Masters Athletics Championship in Poland: 107 women aged 56.6 ± 11.3 years and 137 men aged 57.0 ± 11.9 years, grouped as endurance, speed-power, or throwing athletes. Bone parameters of the non-dominant forearm (distal and proximal; radiale plus ulna and radiale only) were measured by DXA for BMC, BMD, and T-scores; body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance (JAWON Medical X-scan) for %BF, BFM, LBM, TBW, SLM, ICW, and ECW. Analysis used ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc and eta-squared, chi-squared with phi, and backward stepwise logistic regression with odds ratios, 95% CI, Nagelkerke R², and p < 0.05.
Limitations
Stated by the paper: the number of athletes was relatively small after accounting for gender and track-and-field event type, and bone scans in other skeletal locations are needed in older athletes. Evident from the text: the cross-sectional design cannot establish causality or temporal ordering; DXA was limited to the forearm, so findings may not generalize to other skeletal sites such as hip or spine; and the sample consisted of elite, healthy masters athletes/medallists, with no non-athlete control group in this study.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 18 Not checked · 54 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no cases of osteoporosis in the TA group.”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on 2 assumptions not shown here.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ICW (OR = 10.174; p = 0.003)”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Abstract > Results
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on 2 assumptions not shown here.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BMC in the distal part (by 18.3 and 14.6%, respectively)”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Results
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on 2 assumptions not shown here.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“R + U (by 12.4 and 10.8%, respectively)”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Results
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on 2 assumptions not shown here.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LBM (OR = 0.470; p = 0.020)”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Abstract > Results
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on 2 assumptions not shown here.
42 more claims
Create a free account to see all 72 claims and to verify the 27 references still open.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Conclusions
“Intracellular and extracellular water levels increased the odds ratio of normal bone mineralization by several times.”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Abstract > Results
“ECW (OR = 0.003; p = 0.016) and ICW (OR = 0.011; p = 0.031)”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“| TBW [kg] | 30.5 ± 3.2 | 33.0 ± 3.3 | 56.4 ± 7.5 | 1v2v3 | 50.5 (< 0.001) | 0.49 |”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Results
Reported 56.4 · recomputed 40.5
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Results
“There was a lower than women prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis regardless of athletic event.”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Results
“| Proximal R + U | Osteopenic (T-score − 1 to −2.49) | 40.3 | 44.4 | 38.1 | 3.8 (0.431) 0.2 | 37.5 | 22.5 | 26.3 | 19.7 (< 0.001) 0.4 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Discussion
“the lowest number of cases of osteoporosis in femoral neck and lumbar spine was observed among women in throwing sports (10.5%).”
§ Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise > Methodology > Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
“Bone parameters of the non-dominant forearm were measured by the densitometric method for measuring the peripheral skeleton.”
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,395
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203771587 · Cited by 25,373
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9781315456539 · Cited by 6,018
European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
Kanis, J. A., McCloskey, E. V., Johansson, H., Cooper, C., Rizzoli, R., Reginster, J.-Y., & on behalf of the Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) (2013) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2074-y · Cited by 2,948
European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
on behalf of the Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO) and the Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), Kanis, J. A., Cooper, C., Rizzoli, R., & Reginster, J.-Y. (2019) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-018-4704-5 · Cited by 1,900
Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome
Sanchis-Gomar, F., Perez-Quilis, C., Leischik, R., & Lucia, A. (2016) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2016.06.33 · Cited by 1,203
UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
The National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG), Compston, J., Cooper, A., Cooper, C., Gittoes, N., Gregson, C., Harvey, N., Hope, S., Kanis, J. A., McCloskey, E. V., et al. (2017) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-017-0324-5 · Cited by 826
Risk Factors for Longitudinal Bone Loss in Elderly Men and Women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study
Hannan, M. T., Felson, D. T., Dawson-Hughes, B., Tucker, K. L., Cupples, L. A., Wilson, P. W. F., & Kiel, D. P. (2000) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.4.710 · Cited by 775
Assessment methods in human body composition
Lee, S. Y., & Gallagher, D. (2008) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32830b5f23 · Cited by 694 · cited 1×
“The differentiation of TBW into intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW) compartments is useful to describe fluid shifts and fluid balance and to explore variations in levels of hydration [37].”
BackgroundNikander, R., Sievänen, H., Heinonen, A., Daly, R. M., Uusi-Rasi, K., & Kannus, P. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-47 · Cited by 479
Grissom, R. J., & Kim, J. J. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203803233 · Cited by 470
Effect Sizes for Research: Univariate and Multivariate Applications
Grissom, R. J., & Kim, J. J. (2005) · Cited by 372
The influence of water removal on the strength and toughness of cortical bone
Nyman, J. S., Roy, A., Shen, X., Acuna, R. L., Tyler, J. H., & Wang, X. (2006) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.01.012 · Cited by 363
Effects of Training on Bone Mass in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Gómez-Cabello, A., Ara, I., González-Agüero, A., Casajús, J. A., & Vicente-Rodríguez, G. (2012) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11597670-000000000-00000 · Cited by 336
Tenenhouse, A., Joseph, L., Kreiger, N., Poliquin, S., Murray, T. M., Blondeau, L., Berger, C., Hanley, D. A., & Prior, J. C. (2000) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s001980070050 · Cited by 302
Meta-analysis of walking for preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women
Martyn-St James, M., & Carroll, S. (2008) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.012 · Cited by 293
Nguyen, T. V., Center, J. R., & Eisman, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.2.322 · Cited by 290
Association Between Lean Mass, Fat Mass, and Bone Mineral Density: A Meta-analysis
Ho-Pham, L. T., Nguyen, U. D. T., & Nguyen, T. V. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3190 · Cited by 286
Factors associated with the lumbar spine and proximal femur bone mineral density in older men
Cauley, J. A., Fullman, R. L., Stone, K. L., Zmuda, J. M., Bauer, D. C., Barrett-Connor, E., Ensrud, K., Lau, E. M. C., Orwoll, E. S., & For the Mr. OS Research Group (2005) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-005-1866-8 · Cited by 258
Three Structural Roles for Water in Bone Observed by Solid-State NMR
Wilson, E. E., Awonusi, A., Morris, M. D., Kohn, D. H., Tecklenburg, M. M. J., & Beck, L. W. (2006) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.105.070243 · Cited by 256
Xu, J., Lombardi, G., Jiao, W., & Banfi, G. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0494-0 · Cited by 195
Effect of Weighted Exercises on Bone Mineral Density in Post Menopausal Women A Systematic Review
Zehnacker, C. H., & Bemis‐Dougherty, A. (2007) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/00139143-200708000-00007 · Cited by 172
The effect of physical exercise on bone density in middle-aged and older men: A systematic review
Bolam, K. A., van Uffelen, J. G. Z., & Taaffe, D. R. (2013) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2346-1 · Cited by 158
Ma, D., Wu, L., & He, Z. (2013) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000100 · Cited by 156
Weight-bearing exercise and markers of bone turnover in female athletes
Creighton, D. L., Morgan, A. L., Boardley, D., & Brolinson, P. G. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.565 · Cited by 140
Nutrition and athlete bone health
Sale, C., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01161-2 · Cited by 127
Lunt, M., Masaryk, P., Scheidt-Nave, C., Nijs, J., Poor, G., Pols, H., Falch, J. A., Hammermeister, G., Reid, D. M., Benevolenskaya, L., et al. (2001) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s001980170069 · Cited by 112
Role of Human Albumin in the Management of Complications of Liver Cirrhosis
Bernardi, M., Ricci, C. S., & Zaccherini, G. (2014) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.08.007 · Cited by 103
Nordström, P., Pettersson, U., & Lorentzon, R. (1998) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.7.1141 · Cited by 102
Bielemann, R. M., Martinez-Mesa, J., & Gigante, D. P. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-77 · Cited by 101
Pettersson, U., Nordström, P., Alfredson, H., Henriksson-Larsén, K., & Lorentzon, R. (2000) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s002230001131 · Cited by 93
Aging and Physiological Lessons from Master Athletes
Tanaka, H., Tarumi, T., & Rittweger, J. (2019) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c180041 · Cited by 88
Determinants of Bone Mineral Density in Older Men
Orwoll, E. S., Bevan, L., & Phipps, K. R. (2000) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s001980070039 · Cited by 82
Varahra, A., Rodrigues, I. B., MacDermid, J. C., Bryant, D., & Birmingham, T. B. (2018) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-017-4339-y · Cited by 78
Bone Density in Elite Judoists and Effects of Weight Cycling on Bone Metabolic Balance
PROUTEAU, S., PELLE, A., COLLOMP, K., BENHAMOU, L., & COURTEIX, D. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000210207.55941.fb · Cited by 77
Relationship between body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in perimenopausal Korean women
Kim, C. J., Oh, K. W., Rhee, E. J., Kim, K. H., Jo, S. K., Jung, C. H., Won, J. C., Park, C. Y., Lee, W. Y., Park, S. W., et al. (2009) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03452.x · Cited by 62
Nishikawa, H., Yoh, K., Enomoto, H., Ishii, N., Iwata, Y., Nakano, C., Takata, R., Nishimura, T., Aizawa, N., Sakai, Y., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10081072 · Cited by 61
Age-Related Changes in Performance and Recovery Kinetics in Masters Athletes: A Narrative Review
Borges, N. R., Reaburn, P. R. J., Driller, M. W., & Argus, C. K. (2015) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2015-0021 · Cited by 58
Piasecki, J., McPhee, J. S., Hannam, K., Deere, K. C., Elhakeem, A., Piasecki, M., Degens, H., Tobias, J. H., & Ireland, A. (2018) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-018-0486-9 · Cited by 50
Andreoli, A., Bazzocchi, A., Celi, M., Lauro, D., Sorge, R., Tarantino, U., & Guglielmi, G. (2011) · La radiologia medica · doi:10.1007/s11547-011-0689-2 · Cited by 38
Young, B. W., Weir, P. L., Starkes, J. L., & Medic, N. (2007) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730701761924 · Cited by 34
Travison, T. G., Araujo, A. B., Esche, G. R., & McKinlay, J. B. (2008) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0431-z · Cited by 33
Piasecki, J., Ireland, A., Piasecki, M., Deere, K., Hannam, K., Tobias, J., & McPhee, J. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01050 · Cited by 24
Kapuš, O., Gába, A., & Lehnert, M. (2020) · Bone Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100255 · Cited by 23
Fien, S., Climstein, M., Quilter, C., Buckley, G., Henwood, T., Grigg, J., & Keogh, J. W. L. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3768 · Cited by 21
Kopiczko, A. (2020) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2019.81314 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Cited by
Muscle-derived factors influencing bone metabolism
Gries, K. J., Zysik, V. S., Jobe, T. K., Griffin, N., Leeds, B. P., & Lowery, J. W. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.009 · Cited by 38
Li, Y., Huang, Z., Gong, Y., Zheng, Y., & Zeng, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.965758 · Cited by 11
Catapano, M. S., Ahmed, M. A., Breslow, R. G., & Borg‐Stein, J. (2022) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12814 · Cited by 10
Gowers, C. R., McManus, C., Chung, H. C., Jones, B., Tallent, J., & Waterworth, S. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2496448 · Cited by 8
Cvijetić, S., Boschiero, D., Shin, H., Reilly, A. S., Noorani, S. T., Vasiljević, N., & Ilich, J. Z. (2026) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo16010040 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kopiczko, A., Adamczyk, J. G., Gryko, K., & Popowczak, M.
- Affiliations
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw (PL)
- University of Wrocław (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Gryko, Karol
- Venue
- European Review of Aging and Physical Activity
- Published
- 2021-05-31
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-7
- ISSN
- 1813-7253 (ISSN-L)
- 1861-6909
- PMC
- PMC8166030
- OpenAlex
- W3163973844
- Semantic Scholar
- 34b60fc387967f38ae291eefa1962a8c6fcbba94
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-07-03)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
- Locations
- European Review of Aging and Physical Activity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- bone mineral density, masters athletes, body composition, lean body mass, intracellular water, extracellular water, total body water, endurance sports, throwing sports, track and field, bone mass, hydration, older athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
