Assessment methods in human body composition
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present study reviews the most recently developed and commonly used methods for the determination of human body composition in vivo with relevance for nutritional assessment. RECENT FINDINGS: Body composition measurement methods are continuously being perfected with the most commonly used methods being bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution techniques, air displacement plethysmography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and MRI or magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Recent developments include three-dimensional photonic scanning and quantitative magnetic resonance. Collectively, these techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots. SUMMARY: There is an ongoing need to perfect methods that provide information beyond mass and structure (static measures) to kinetic measures that yield information on metabolic and biological functions. On the basis of the wide range of measurable properties, analytical methods and known body composition models, clinicians and scientists can quantify a number of body components and with longitudinal assessment, can track changes in health and disease with implications for understanding efficacy of nutritional and clinical interventions, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in clinical settings. With the greater need to understand precursors of health risk beginning in childhood, a gap exists in appropriate in-vivo measurement methods beginning at birth.
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Incorporating blood variables such as lipid profile, glucose levels, and inflammatory markers can offer insights into metabolic health and obesity-related risks beyond what BMI alone can provide.
“Additionally, incorporating blood variables such as lipid profile, glucose levels, and inflammatory markers can offer insights into metabolic health and obesity-related risks beyond what BMI alone can provide [62].”
From Advantages and Limitations of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to Assess Adult Obesity (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
The MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy section discusses tissue lipid measurements and their relevance to insulin resistance, not blood measurements. Searches for lipid profiles, blood glucose, and inflammatory markers found no passage assessing whether those variables add insight beyond BMI. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“Alternative approaches to estimate body composition include dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography, dilution techniques, air displacement plythsmography, three-dimensional photonic scanners, quantitative magnetic resonance, and magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.(34) These approach…”
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“On this basis, a statement can be made with regard to water balance (normo-, hypo-, hyperhydration) and body cell mass (nutritional status) [14].”
BackgroundMethodThe paradox of low BNP levels in obesity
Clerico, A., Giannoni, A., Vittorini, S., & Emdin, M. (2011) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-011-9249-z · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“simple, common parameter for rating obesity level, but it may be misleading in some specific clinical conditions, because it is not able to assess the distribution of major components of body weight: fat, lean body mass, and fluid body content [ 121 ].”
BackgroundLiver transplantation and alcoholic liver disease: History, controversies, and considerations
Marroni, C. A., Fleck, A. D. M., Fernandes, S. A., Galant, L. H., Mucenic, M., Meine, M. H. M. D. M., Mariante-Neto, G., & Brandão, A. B. D. M. (2018) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i26.2785 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Pediatric Sarcopenia: A Paradigm in the Overall Definition of Malnutrition in Children?
Ooi, P. H., Thompson‐Hodgetts, S., Pritchard, L., Gilmour, S. M., & Mager, D. R. (2019) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.1681 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Farsijani, S., Morais, J. A., Payette, H., Gaudreau, P., Shatenstein, B., Gray-Donald, K., & Chevalier, S. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.130716 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Nutrition Assessment and Dietary Interventions in Heart Failure
Driggin, E., COHEN, L. P., Gallagher, D., Karmally, W., Maddox, T. M., Hummel, S. L., Carbone, S., & Maurer, M. S. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.025 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of rheumatoid cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Santo, R. C. D. E., Fernandes, K., Lora, P. S., Filippin, L. I., & Xavier, R. M. (2018) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12320 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“However, DEXA represents a reliable alternative method, non-invasive, improved feasibility, lower cost, minimal radiation exposure, high accuracy, sensitive and reproducibility for measuring FM and FFM.(38,39) In addition, DEXA is a clinically accessible method that is widely used in bone mineral density measurement f…”
MethodValidation of a portable bioelectrical impedance analyzer for the assessment of body composition
Karelis, A. D., Chamberland, G., Aubertin‐Leheudre, M., Duval, C., & Ecological mobility in Aging and Parkinson (EMAP) group (2013) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0129 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Currently, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) appears to be an accurate method for the measurement of body composition and has gained widespread acceptance in clinical research (Jaffrin 2009; Lee and Gallagher 2008).”
Methodde Castro, J. A. C., de Lima, T. R., & Silva, D. A. S. (2017) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.010 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Emmonds, S., Nicholson, G., Begg, C., Jones, B. L., & Bissas, A. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002114 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“This is the first study to report body composition using DXA in female soccer players, which has previously been shown to be more valid (16).”
BackgroundNutritional assessment in patients with cirrhosis
Fernandes, S. A., Bassani, L., Nunes, F. F., Aydos, M. E. D., Alves, A. V., & Marroni, C. A. (2012) · Arquivos de Gastroenterologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-28032012000100005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Lee and Gallagher(19) compare BIA to other high-cost methods, such as bone densitometry, computed tomography and magnetic resonance, in an attempt to identify a low-cost effective method to assess the human corporal composition.”
BackgroundA comparison of three methods to assess body composition.
Tewari, N., Awad, S., Macdonald, I. A., & Lobo, D. N. (2018) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.09.005 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bundred, J., Kamarajah, S. K., & Roberts, K. J. (2019) · HPB · doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2019.05.018 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Falls among older adults in the South of Brazil: prevalence and determinants
Vieira, L. S., Gomes, A. P., Bierhals, I. O., Farías-Antúnez, S., Ribeiro, C. G., Miranda, V. I. A., Lutz, B. H., Barbosa-Silva, T. G., Lima, N. P., Bertoldi, A. D., et al. (2018) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000103 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Foucaut, A.-M., Faure, C., Julia, C., Czernichow, S., Lévy, R., Dupont, C., & the ALIFERT collaborative group (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210770 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Although this method is not as specific as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography scan, or magnetic resonance imaging, it can provide reliable information on body composition [52].”
BackgroundMethodAssessment tools in obesity — Psychological measures, diet, activity, and body composition
Beechy, L., Galpern, J., Petrone, A. B., & Das, S. K. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.013 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“DEXA also provides assessment of regional body composition in allowing for the identification of gynoid or android obesity [211].”
BackgroundBeyond the BMI: The Search for Better Guidelines for Bariatric Surgery
Pories, W. J., Dohm, L. G., & Mansfield, C. J. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.8 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Other methodologies involve dilution with isotopically labeled water (12), measures of body volume by water displacement (13) or air plethysmography (14), and in vivo neutron activation (15).”
MethodModern pharmacological treatment of obese patients
May, M., Schindler, C., & Engeli, S. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018819897527 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Segmentation and quantification of adipose tissue by magnetic resonance imaging
Hu, H. H., Chen, J., & Shen, W. (2016) · Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10334-015-0498-z · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“fat mass, not specifically AT quantities [33].”
Sebastiano, K. M. D., & Mourtzakis, M. (2012) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h2012-079 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Body composition and mortality in the general population: A review of epidemiologic studies
Lee, D. H., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2018) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370218818161 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Obesity Paradox” Holds True for Patients with Hip Fracture
Modig, K., Erdefelt, A., Mellner, C., Cederholm, T., Talbäck, M., & Hedström, M. (2019) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.18.01249 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A Review of Body Composition Measurement in the Assessment of Health
Toomey, C., Cremona, A., Hughes, K., Norton, C., & Jakeman, P. M. (2015) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/tin.0000000000000017 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Reliability of 3D laser-based anthropometry and comparison with classical anthropometry
Kühnapfel, A., Ahnert, P., Loeffler, M., Broda, A., & Scholz, M. R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26672 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Impact of obesity on total and cardiovascular mortality—fat or fiction?
Cepeda-Valery, B., Pressman, G. S., Figueredo, V. M., & Romero‐Corral, A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2010.209 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Bioimpedance has emerged as a fast, noninvasive, and easy to use method for estimating body composition”
MethodCorrelation of Fat Distribution in Whole Body MRI With Generally Used Anthropometric Data
Ludescher, B., Machann, J., Eschweiler, G. W., Vanhöfen, S., Mänz, C., Thamer, C., Claussen, C. D., & Schick, F. (2009) · Investigative Radiology · doi:10.1097/rli.0b013e3181afbb1e · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Furthermore, displacement methods such as air displacement and underwater weighing can not analyze the regional body fat distribution.(6) A very popular measurement technique for assessment of body composition is the measurement of the body impedance.”
MethodHealth and ageing: A cross-sectional study of body composition
Bazzocchi, A., Diano, D., Ponti, F., Andreone, A., Sassi, C., Albisinni, U., Marchesini, G., & Battista, G. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.10.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Smartphone camera based assessment of adiposity: a validation study
Majmudar, M. D., Chandra, S., Yakkala, K., Kennedy, S., Agrawal, A., Sippel, M., Ramu, P., Chaudhri, A., Smith, B., Criminisi, A., et al. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00628-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Kulkarni, B., Kuper, H., Taylor, A. E., Wells, J. C. K., Radhakrishna, K., Kinra, S., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Smith, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Byrne, N. M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00777.2013 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“MRI is considered to be a “gold standard” for evaluating skeletal muscle mass due to its high accuracy and lack of radiation to the subjects (18).”
Ezeh, U., Pall, M., Mathur, R., & Azziz, R. (2014) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu096 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Body composition was measuredby BIA, which while useful for larger cohort or populational studies, is less sensitive and accurate when compared with more established methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Lee and Gallagher, 2008).”
MethodSon, J. W., Han, B., Bennett, J. P., Heymsfield, S., & Lim, S. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13844 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“172 BIA method can provide information about fat and muscle masses longitudinally, suggesting insights into various conditions.”
Validity of Leg-to-Leg Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimate Body Fat in Obesity
Lloret‐Linares, C., Ciangura, C., Bouillot, J., Coupaye, M., Declèves, X., Poitou, C., Basdevant, A., & Oppert, J. (2010) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-010-0296-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a rapid, easy, and safe method of assessing body composition but is criticized for being inaccurate in comparison with reference measures, especially when applied to obese subjects [4, 5 , 8, 9]. Many interference effects may limit its validity: body geometry, underestimation…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialQuantification of human body fat tissue percentage by MRI
Müller, H., Raudies, F., Unrath, A., Heiko Neumann, B., Ludolph, A. C., & Kassubek, J. (2010) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.1549 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Thomas, E. L., Collins, A. L., McCarthy, J. P., Fitzpatrick, J. A., Durighel, G., Goldstone, A. P., & Bell, J. D. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.18 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Associations of body adiposity index, waist circumference, and body mass index in young adults
Fedewa, M. V., Nickerson, B. S., & Esco, M. R. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.014 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cioffi, I., Marra, M., Imperatore, N., Pagano, M. C., Santarpia, L., Alfonsi, L., Testa, A., Sammarco, R., Contaldo, F., Castiglione, F., et al. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.06.023 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Provencher, M. T., Chahla, J. A., Sánchez, G., Cinque, M. E., Kennedy, N. I., Whalen, J., Price, M. D., Moatshe, G., & LaPrade, R. F. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002449 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The physical design and operating principle of this product have been described in detail previously with reliability and validity for body measurements confirmed (4,8,10,11).”
Tanvig, M. H. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gupta, P., Lança, C., Gan, A. T. L., Soh, P., Thakur, S., Tao, Y., Neelam, K., Man, R. E. K., Fenwick, E., & Lamoureux, E. L. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49162-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Kim, S. R., Lee, G., Choi, S., Oh, Y. H., Son, J. S., Park, M., & Park, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12962 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Fuchs, C. J., Kuipers, R., Rombouts, J., Brouwers, K., Schrauwen-Hinderling, V. B., Wildberger, J., Verdijk, L., & van Loon, L. V. (2023) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2023.112159 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Dietary Protein Sources and Muscle Mass over the Life Course: The Lifelines Cohort Study
Alexandrov, N. V., Eelderink, C., Singh-Povel, C. M., Navis, G. J., Bakker, S. J. L., & Corpeleijn, E. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101471 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Huffman, D. M., Justice, J. N., Stout, M. B., Kirkland, J. L., Barzilai, N., & Austad, S. N. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw106 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“techniques comparable with human methods, including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), quantitative computed tomography (CT), isotope dilution, electrical conductance, and MRI (73).”
MethodInfluentialAgyapong‐Badu, S., Warner, M. B., Samuel, D., Narici, M. V., Cooper, C. C., & Stokes, M. J. (2014) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/10/2165 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Smith, S., & Madden, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12372 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Bazzocchi, A., Diano, D., Ponti, F., Salizzoni, E., Albisinni, U., Marchesini, G., & Battista, G. (2013) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.11.013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Numerous techniques are able to perform BC assessment at each level [4].”
BackgroundKoepke, N., Zwahlen, M., Wells, J. C. K., Bender, N., Henneberg, M., Rühli, F. J., & Staub, K. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.2980 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The standard imaging methods used to precisely assess body composition and fat distribution (MRI, DEXA, CT) are either invasive or time-consuming, and expensive, and thus not suitable for large-scale monitoring studies (Machann et al., 2005; Lee & Gallagher, 2008).”
MethodFrailty, Sarcopenia, Cachexia, and Malnutrition in Heart Failure
Maeda, D., Fujimoto, Y., Nakade, T., Abe, T., Ishihara, S., Jujo, K., & Matsue, Y. (2024) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2024.0089 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“42) Regarding biomarkers, albumin or pre-albumin have been widely used in clinical practice; however, recent consensus statements do not recommend these markers to diagnose malnutrition because they do not change in response to changes in nutrient intake.”
BackgroundImaging of body composition in children
Simoni, P., Guglielmi, R., & Gómez, M. P. A. (2020) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims.2020.04.06 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Several techniques are available to assess body composition at different escalating levels, from atomic to molecular and then cellular, to evolve into organ-tissue and finally whole-body assessment (11,12).”
BackgroundBioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Body Composition in Cardiovascular Diseases
Popiołek-Kalisz, J., & Szczygieł, K. (2023) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101911 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Buehring, B., Krueger, D. C., Libber, J., Heiderscheit, B. C., Sanfilippo, J. L., Johnson, B., Haller, I. V., & Binkley, N. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2013.02.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“This ability to evaluate not only total fat and lean mass but also mass in specific regions such as the extremities is a distinct advantage of DXA compared with other measures of body composition, such as bioelectrical impedance or hydrodensitometry (18,19).”
BackgroundMethods for Body Composition Analysis in Adults
Ayvaz, G. (2011) · The Open Obesity Journal · doi:10.2174/1876823701103010062 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Radiation exposure from DEXA is considered small and is equivalent to 1-10% of a chest radiograph [21].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRangel Peniche, D. B., Raya Giorguli, G., & Alemán-Mateo, H. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.03.007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Patient physiology influences the MRI-based vertebral bone quality score
Aynaszyan, S., Devia, L. G., Udoeyo, I. F., Badve, S. A., & DelSole, E. M. (2022) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2022.06.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Borggreve, A. S., den Boer, R. B., van Boxel, G. I., de Jong, P. A., Veldhuis, W. B., Steenhagen, E., van Hillegersberg, R., & Ruurda, J. P. H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9010199 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“However, studies reporting on accuracy of BIA have been inconsistent, limiting its application in clinical practice [39].”
BackgroundMoayyeri, A., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., & Khaw, K. (2011) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02443.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dubin, R. L., Heymsfield, S. B., Ravussin, E., & Greenway, F. L. (2024) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15913 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“60 61 – 63 An alternative method for estimating whole-body skeletal muscle mass is D3-creatine dilution.”
Imaging body composition in obesity and weight loss: challenges and opportunities
Silver, H. J., Welch, B. T., Avison, M. J., & Niswender, K. D. (2010) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s9454 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Imaging body composition in obesity and weight loss: challenges and opportunities
Silver, H. J., Welch, E. B., Avison, M. J., & Niswender, K. D. (2010) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmsott.s9454 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Further, all methods contribute some form of error or bias that is usually related to assumptions about body composition that may not hold across different population groups and clinical scenarios.(54) The pros and cons of the three common state-of-the-art imaging techniques for whole body measurement, ie, DEXA, CT, a…”
MethodNovel Approaches to the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia
Edwards, M. H., & Buehring, B. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2015.04.010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hart, N. H., Nimphius, S., Spiteri, T., Wilkie, J. C., & Newton, R. U. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Military nutrition: maintaining health and rebuilding injured tissue
Hill, N. E., Fallowfield, J. L., Price, S., & Wilson, D. R. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0213 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Whole‐body MRI‐based fat quantification: A comparison to air displacement plethysmography
Ludwig, U., Klausmann, F., Baumann, S., Honal, M., Hövener, J., König, D., Deibert, P., & Büchert, M. (2014) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.24509 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Alexandrou, M. E., Balafa, O. C., & Sarafidis, P. A. (2020) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000509115 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Palacios, C. S., Pérez, C. M., Guzmán, M., Ortiz, A. P., Ayala‐Marín, A. M., & Suarez, E. L. (2011) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011000796 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Although computed tomography and MRI are considered the gold standard measurements for abdominal fat((2,3)), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is considered a very reliable alternative((3,4)), these are not feasible to use in large epidemiological studies; therefore, BMI and other indices have been used.”
BackgroundHuang, R., Prescott, S. L., Godfrey, K. M., & Davis, E. A. (2015) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2014.69 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Raymond‐Pope, C. J., Dengel, D. R., & Bosch, T. A. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002320 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Therefore, DXA is considered the gold standard body composition assessment method within research settings (19,25,28).”
MethodBioimpedance analysis of vascular tissue and fluid flow in human and plant body: A review
Prasad, A., & Roy, M. (2020) · Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.06.006 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Serum Creatinine in Transgender Individuals
Maheshwari, A., Dines, V. A., Saul, D., Nippoldt, T. B., Kattah, A. G., & Davidge-Pitts, C. J. (2021) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.08.009 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Measurement of Sarcopenia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients and Its Association With Frailty
de Bree, R., Meerkerk, C. D. A., Halmos, G. B., Mäkitie, A. A., Homma, A., Rodrigo, J. P., López, F., Takes, R. P., Vermorken, J. B., & Ferlito, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.884988 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, S. Y., & Gallagher, D.
- Affiliations
- Inje University (KR)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gallagher, Dympna
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 566-572
- ISSN
- 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2741386
- OpenAlex
- W2044952536
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072507, DK72507)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD042187, HD42187)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Keywords
- body composition, nutritional assessment, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dilution method, air displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quantitative MRI, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, adipose tissue depots, visceral fat, subcutaneous adipose tissue, intermuscular fat, ectopic fat, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Assessment, Electric Impedance
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