The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The two-year course of late-life depression; results from the Netherlands study of depression in older persons
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine the course of depression during 2-year follow-up in a group clinically depressed older persons. Subsequently, we studied which socio-demographic and clinical characteristics predict a depression diagnoses at 2-year follow-up. METHODS: Data were used from the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older persons (NESDO; N = 510). Diagnoses of depression DSM-IV-TR criteria were available from 285 patients at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Severity of the depressive symptoms, as assessed with the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (IDS), was obtained from 6-monthly postal questionnaires. Information about socio-demographic and clinical variables was obtained from the baseline measurement. RESULT: From the 285 older persons who were clinically depressed at baseline almost half (48.4%) also suffered from a depressive disorder two years later. Patients with more severe depressive symptoms, comorbid dysthymia, younger age of onset and more chronic diseases were more likely to be depressed at 2-year follow-up. 61% of the persons that were depressed at baseline had a chronic course of depressive symptoms during these two years. CONCLUSIONS: Late-life depression often has a chronic course, even when treated conform current guidelines for older persons. Our results suggest that physical comorbidity may be candidate for adjusted and intensified treatment strategies of older depressed patients with chronic and complex pathology.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
![Figure 1 Course of depression (percentages). [Remission: at least the last two observations IDS score < 14; Intermittent: at least one of the observations IDS < 14 (not being the last two observations); Chronic depression, defined as all IDS scores > 14 and sub classified as: chronic mild to moderate depression, defined as all IDS scores between 14 and 26; chronic moderate to severe depression, defined as all IDS scores between 26 and 84; chronic depression with variable severity, defined as IDS scores varying between 14 to 84].](/paper-figures/3cef6723debe46aab071d484faab7eba/the-two-year-course-of-late-life-depression-results-from-the-netherlands-study-figure-1.jpg)
![Figure 2 Severity of depressive symptoms according to course during 2-year follow-up. [Remission: at least the last two observations IDS score < 14; Intermittent: at least one of the observations IDS < 14 (not being the last two observations); Chronic depression, defined as all IDS scores > 14 and sub classified as: chronic mild to moderate depression, defined as all IDS scores between 14 and 26; chronic moderate to severe depression, defined as all IDS scores between 26 and 84; chronic depression with variable severity, defined as IDS scores varying between 14 to 84].](/paper-figures/661796c74f554a4089fc4c6fbb45a400/the-two-year-course-of-late-life-depression-results-from-the-netherlands-study-figure-2.jpg)
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The idiom 'thinking too much' denotes a broader mental health syndrome, with manifestations such as sadness, lack of motivation, poor concentration, sleep difficulties and irritability, perhaps similar to the construct of 'common mental disorders'. 112-117”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [115]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,012
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589
Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,852
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,007
The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409 · Cited by 2,657 · cited 1×
“Background Late-life depression is a complex mood disorder with various etiological pathways [1] and high comorbidity with psychiatric and physical diseases, and cognitive decline [2-5].”
BackgroundThe Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): Psychometric properties
Rush, A. J., Gullion, C. M., Basco, M. R., Jarrett, R. B., & Trivedi, M. H. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700035558 · Cited by 2,177 · cited 1×
“Severity of the depressive symptoms was assessed with the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (IDS) [27].”
MethodTRIVEDI, M. H., RUSH, A. J., IBRAHIM, H. M., CARMODY, T. J., BIGGS, M. M., SUPPES, T., CRISMON, M. L., SHORES-WILSON, K., TOPRAC, M. G., DENNEHY, E. B., et al. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703001107 · Cited by 968
Kriegsman, D. M. W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., van Eijk, J. T. M., Boeke, A. J. P., & Deeg, D. J. H. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00274-0 · Cited by 934 · cited 1×
“The accuracy of self-reports of these diseases was compared to general practitioner information, and was shown to be adequate and independent of cognitive impairment [31].”
BackgroundWittchen, H.-U., Robins, L. N., Cottler, L. B., Sartorius, N., Burke, J. D., Regier, D., & Trials, P. I. T. M. W. F. (1991) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.159.5.645 · Cited by 833
Anxiety and Depression in Later Life: Co-Occurrence and Communality of Risk Factors
Beekman, A. T. F., de Beurs, E., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Deeg, D. J. H., van Dyck, R., & van Tilburg, W. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.89 · Cited by 669 · cited 1×
“Background Late-life depression is a complex mood disorder with various etiological pathways [1] and high comorbidity with psychiatric and physical diseases, and cognitive decline [2-5].”
BackgroundThe Prognosis of Depression in Old Age
Murphy, E. (1983) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.142.2.111 · Cited by 621
Effect of Age at Onset on the Course of Major Depressive Disorder
Zisook, S., Lesser, I. M., Stewart, J. W., Wisniewski, S. R., Balasubramani, G. K., D, M. F. M., Gilmer, W. S., Dresselhaus, T. R., Thase, M. E., Nierenberg, A. A., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06101757 · Cited by 582 · cited 1×
“Late-life depression often has a chronic course and high relapse rates [6-15], probably worse compared to younger age groups [16].”
BackgroundKessler, R. C., Birnbaum, H., Bromet, E., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., & Shahly, V. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990213 · Cited by 542 · cited 1×
“The CIDI is a structured clinical interview that is designed for use in research settings and has high validity for depressive and anxiety disorders [25,26].”
BackgroundSpijker, J., De Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., Beekman, A. T. F., Ormel, J., & Nolen, W. A. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.181.3.208 · Cited by 514 · cited 2×
“Among younger adults, clinical characteristics of the depression such as the severity of the depressive disorder, comorbid anxiety symptoms and age of onset are consistently found to be important predictors of the course [16-18].”
BackgroundCohort Profile: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
Huisman, M. A., Poppelaars, J. L., van der Horst, M., Beekman, A. T. F., Brug, J., van Tilburg, T. G., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq219 · Cited by 477
The Natural History of Late-Life Depression
Beekman, A. T. F., Geerlings, S. W., Deeg, D. J. H., Smit, J. H., Schoevers, R. S., de Beurs, E., Braam, A. W., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & van Tilburg, W. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.7.605 · Cited by 441 · cited 3×
“[6] showed a gradient with respect to the prognosis of late-life depression, in which those with sub threshold disorders had the best outcome, followed by those with major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia and double depression (MDD and dysthymia).”
BackgroundResultPenninx, B. W. J. H., Nolen, W. A., Lamers, F., Zitman, F. G., Smit, J. H., Spinhoven, P., Cuijpers, P., de Jong, P. J., van Marwijk, H. W. J., der Meer, K. V., et al. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.027 · Cited by 354 · cited 5×
“In the aforementioned comparable NESDA study among younger adults aged 18–65, the two-year attrition rate was 12.9% which was relatively low compared to other epidemiological studies in psychiatric samples and was mainly due to refusal to further participate [33].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMitchell, A. J., & Subramaniam, H. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1588 · Cited by 348 · cited 1×
“Late-life depression often has a chronic course and high relapse rates [6-15], probably worse compared to younger age groups [16].”
BackgroundExecutive dysfunction and the course of geriatric depression
Alexopoulos, G. S., Kiosses, D. N., Heo, M., Murphy, C. F., Shanmugham, B., & Gunning-Dixon, F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.024 · Cited by 317 · cited 1×
“Increased time to recovery from late-life depression is previously found to be associated with severity of depressive symptoms [19], but also with chronicity, later age of onset, cognitive decline [19,20] and medical comorbidity [21].”
BackgroundTedeschini, E., Levkovitz, Y., Iovieno, N., Ameral, V. E., Nelson, J. C., & Papakostas, G. I. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10r06531 · Cited by 269
Recovery in Geriatric Depression
Alexopoulos, G. S. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040039008 · Cited by 219 · cited 8×
“Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Shear MK, Alexopoulos GS, Frank E, Reynolds 3rd CF. Comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders in later life.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGould, R. L., Coulson, M., & Howard, R. J. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04166.x · Cited by 212
Andreescu, C., Lenze, E. J., Dew, M. A., Begley, A. E., Mulsant, B. H., Dombrovski, A. Y., Pollock, B. G., STACK, J. A., Miller, M. D., & Reynolds, C. F. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027169 · Cited by 199 · cited 1×
“Late-life depression often has a chronic course and high relapse rates [6-15], probably worse compared to younger age groups [16].”
BackgroundLamers, F., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Smit, J. H., van Dyck, R., Zitman, F. G., Nolen, W. A., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.01.011 · Cited by 190 · cited 1×
“9% which was relatively low compared to other epidemiological studies in psychiatric samples and was mainly due to refusal to further participate [33].”
ResultComorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders in later life
Lenze, E. J., Mulsant, B. H., Shear, M. K., Alexopoulos, G. S., Frank, E., & Reynolds, C. F. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1050 · Cited by 180 · cited 1×
“Background Late-life depression is a complex mood disorder with various etiological pathways [1] and high comorbidity with psychiatric and physical diseases, and cognitive decline [2-5].”
BackgroundThe Netherlands study of depression in older persons (NESDO); a prospective cohort study
Comijs, H. C., van Marwijk, H., van der Mast, R. C., Naarding, P., Voshaar, R. C. O., Beekman, A. T. F., Boshuisen, M. L., Dekker, J. H., Kok, R., de Waal, M. W. M., et al. (2011) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-524 · Cited by 174
Self-citationKok, R. M., Nolen, W. A., & Heeren, T. J. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.036 · Cited by 167 · cited 1×
“Although pharmacological and psychotherapy are effective treatments for late-life depression [35,36], it is suggested that antidepressants may be less efficacious in in older depressed patients compared to younger ones [37,38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLicht-Strunk, E., van der Windt, D., van Marwijk, H., de Haan, M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2007) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cml071 · Cited by 150 · cited 2×
“Our findings are largely in line with expectations from community based, primary care and other clinical samples of older persons [6,10,13,15,32].”
BackgroundResultCuijpers, P. J., van Straten, A., Smit, F., & Andersson, G. (2008) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610208008089 · Cited by 141 · cited 2×
“Although pharmacological and psychotherapy are effective treatments for late-life depression [35,36], it is suggested that antidepressants may be less efficacious in in older depressed patients compared to younger ones [37,38].”
BackgroundRush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Carmody, T. J., Ibrahim, H. M., Markowitz, J. C., Keitner, G. I., Kornstein, S. G., Arnow, B. A., Klein, D. N., Manber, R., et al. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300614 · Cited by 139 · cited 1×
“The IDS is sensitive to both change over time and to differences between treatment conditions [30].”
BackgroundSpijker, J., de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., Beekman, A. T. F., Ormel, J., & Nolen, W. A. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.005 · Cited by 121 · cited 1×
“Among younger adults, clinical characteristics of the depression such as the severity of the depressive disorder, comorbid anxiety symptoms and age of onset are consistently found to be important predictors of the course [16-18].”
BackgroundIDS-C and IDS-SR: Psychometric properties in depressed in-patients
Corruble, E., Legrand, J. M., Duret, C., Charles, G., & Guelfi, J. D. (1999) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00055-5 · Cited by 89
The Netherlands Study of Depression in Older persons (NESDO)
Comijs, H. C., & Dekker, J. H. (2011) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 73
Self-citationThe Course of Depression in Elderly Patients
Mueller, T. I., Kohn, R., Leventhal, N., Leon, A. C., Solomon, D., Coryell, W. H., Endicott, J., Alexopoulos, G. S., & Keller, M. B. (2004) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200401000-00003 · Cited by 72 · cited 1×
“Late-life depression often has a chronic course and high relapse rates [6-15], probably worse compared to younger age groups [16].”
BackgroundThe prognosis of depression in old age: Outcome six to eight years after clinical treatment
Stek, M. L., van Exel, E. R., van Tilburg, W., Westendorp, R. G. J., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2002) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860220142413 · Cited by 61 · cited 1×
“Late-life depression often has a chronic course and high relapse rates [6-15], probably worse compared to younger age groups [16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWïttchen, H. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1230817 · Cited by 61 · cited 1×
“Background Late-life depression is a complex mood disorder with various etiological pathways [1] and high comorbidity with psychiatric and physical diseases, and cognitive decline [2-5].”
BackgroundLicht-Strunk, E., Beekman, A. T. F., de Haan, M., & van Marwijk, H. W. J. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.006 · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“Our findings are largely in line with expectations from community based, primary care and other clinical samples of older persons [6,10,13,15,32].”
ResultDeveloping an intervention for depressed, chronically medically ill elders: A model from COPD
Alexopoulos, G. S., Raue, P. J., Sirey, J. A., & Arean, P. A. (2008) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1925 · Cited by 48 · cited 6×
“Lenze EJ, Mulsant BH, Shear MK, Alexopoulos GS, Frank E, Reynolds 3rd CF. Comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorders in later life.”
BackgroundInfluentialA multiplicity of approaches to characterize geriatric depression and its outcomes
Steffens, D. C. (2009) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32832fcd93 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“Background Late-life depression is a complex mood disorder with various etiological pathways [1] and high comorbidity with psychiatric and physical diseases, and cognitive decline [2-5].”
BackgroundThe Course of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults With Comorbid Major Depression and Dysthymia
Hybels, C. F., Pieper, C. F., Blazer, D. G., & Steffens, D. C. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e318162f15f · Cited by 17 · cited 4×
“[13] were the first to study the course of severe depression in older patients.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBogner, H. R., Morales, K. H., Reynolds, C. F., Cary, M. S., & BRUCE, M. L. (2012) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.638904 · Cited by 15 · cited 4×
“Also in contrast with our results, Bogner [14] showed in the PROSPECT study that married patients had a favourable course of depression, suggesting that depressed persons with a supportive relationship improve more quickly.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMagnil, M., Janmarker, L., Gunnarsson, R. K., & Björkelund, C. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.3109/02813432.2012.757074 · Cited by 13 · cited 3×
“[15] observed the two-year course of depression in a cohort of primary care patients aged 60 years and older and found that, 15 of the 51 depressed patients (29%) had a remitting course, 25 (49%) remained depressive, and 11 (22%) had a fluctuating course.”
BackgroundResultInternational Psychogeriatrics comes of age
Ames, D. (2008) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610208008144 · Cited by 12
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission
Herrman, H., Patel, V., Kieling, C., Berk, M., Buchweitz, C., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T. A., Kessler, R. C., Kohrt, B. A., Maj, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02141-3 · Cited by 1,104
Depression Among Older Adults: A 20-Year Update on Five Common Myths and Misconceptions
Haigh, E. A. P., Bogucki, O. E., Sigmon, S. T., & Blazer, D. G. (2017) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.06.011 · Cited by 345
As, B. A. L. V., Imbimbo, E., Franceschi, A., Menesini, E., & Nocentini, A. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610221000399 · Cited by 203
Kaster, T. S., Daskalakis, Z. J., Noda, Y., Knyahnytska, Y., Downar, J., Rajji, T. K., Levkovitz, Y., Zangen, A., Butters, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0121-x · Cited by 174
Holvast, F., Burger, H., de Waal, M. M. W., van Marwijk, H. W. J., Comijs, H. C., & Verhaak, P. F. M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.036 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Comijs, H. C., Nieuwesteeg, J., Kok, R., van Marwijk, H. W., van der Mast, R. C., Naarding, P., Voshaar, R. C. O., Verhaak, P., de Waal, M. W., & Stek, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- GGZ inGeest (NL)
- Parnassia Groep (NL)
- GGNet (NL)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Comijs, Hannie C
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2015-02-12
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-20
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4329675
- OpenAlex
- W2059949121
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 17.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Fonds NutsOhra (0701-065, project 0701‐065)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- geriatric depression, course of depression, older adults, chronic depression, depression severity, dysthymia, age of onset, comorbidities, chronic physical illness, predictors of recurrence
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chronic Disease, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcome, Dysthymic Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
