Self-monitoring and personalized feedback based on the experiencing sampling method as a tool to boost depression treatment: a protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (ZELF-i)
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide. To reduce the societal burden and improve quality of life for individual patients, treatments for depression need to be optimized. There is a particular need for person-tailored interventions that reinforce self-management of patients. Systematic self-monitoring and personalized feedback through the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) could provide such a person-tailored, empowering intervention that enhances treatment outcomes. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of self-monitoring and personalized feedback as an add-on tool in the treatment of depressive complaints in a natural setting. METHODS: The ZELF-i study is a pragmatic multi-site randomized controlled trial (RCT). We aim to recruit 150 individuals with depressive symptoms aged between 18 and 65 years, who have an intake for outpatient basic or specialized treatment at a mental health care organization in the North of the Netherlands. After the intake, participants will be randomly allocated to one of three study arms: two experimental groups engaging in 28 days of systematic self-monitoring (5 times per day) and receiving weekly personalized feedback on positive affect and activities ("Do"-module) or on negative affect and thinking patterns ("Think"-module), and a control group receiving no additional intervention. Self-report inventories of depressive symptoms, psychosocial functioning and feelings of empowerment will be administered before and after the intervention period, and at follow-up measurements at 1, 2, 3 and 6 months. The patient-experienced utility of the intervention will be investigated by a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. DISCUSSION: The present study is the first to examine the effects of add-on self-monitoring and personalized feedback on depressive complaints in clinical practice. It is also the first to evaluate two different ESM modules targeted at both of depression's core symptoms. Lastly, it is the first study that uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the patient-experienced utility of ESM with personalized feedback as an intervention for depression. Results of the present study may improve treatment for depression, if the intervention is found to be effective. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register, NTR5707 , registered prospectively 1 February 2016.
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Studies that apply non-personalized experience sampling method questionnaires in clinical samples, including those from our own group, have used a similar or higher number of questions, and compliance rates suggest a manageable burden for participants.
“Studies that apply (non-personalized) ESM questionnaires in clinical samples, including those from our own group, have used a similar or higher number of questions [32–35], and compliance rates suggest a manageable burden for participants.”
From Using person-specific networks in psychotherapy: challenges, limitations, and how we could use them anyway (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Bastiaansen, J. A., Meurs, M., Stelwagen, R., Wunderink, L., Schoevers, R. A., Wichers, M., & Oldehinkel, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- GGZ Friesland (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bastiaansen, Jojanneke A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2018-09-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 276-276
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6122175
- OpenAlex
- W2889739144
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Gratama Stichting (2015-05)
- Stichting tot Steun Vereniging tot Christelijke Verzorging van Geestes- en Zenuwzieken (239)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, self-monitoring, personalized feedback, ecological momentary assessment, add-on intervention, self-management, positive affect, negative affect, empowerment, outpatient psychiatric care
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Outpatients, Power, Psychological, Quality of Life, Research Design, Self Care, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction, Young Adult
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