A therapeutic application of the experience sampling method in the treatment of depression: a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
In depression, the ability to experience daily life positive affect predicts recovery and reduces relapse rates. Interventions based on the experience sampling method (ESM-I) are ideally suited to provide insight in personal, contextualized patterns of positive affect. The aim of this study was to examine whether add-on ESM-derived feedback on personalized patterns of positive affect is feasible and useful to patients, and results in a reduction of depressive symptomatology. Depressed outpatients (n=102) receiving pharmacological treatment participated in a randomized controlled trial with three arms: an experimental group receiving add-on ESM-derived feedback, a pseudo-experimental group participating in ESM but receiving no feedback, and a control group. The experimental group participated in an ESM procedure (three days per week over a 6-week period) using a palmtop. This group received weekly standardized feedback on personalized patterns of positive affect. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 17 (HDRS) and Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (IDS) scores were obtained before and after the intervention. During a 6-month follow-up period, five HDRS and IDS assessments were completed. Add-on ESM-derived feedback resulted in a significant and clinically relevant stronger decrease in HDRS score relative to the control group (p<0.01; -5.5 point reduction in HDRS at 6 months). Compared to the pseudo-experimental group, a clinically relevant decrease in HDRS score was apparent at 6 months (B=-3.6, p=0.053). Self-reported depressive complaints (IDS) yielded the same pattern over time. The use of ESM-I was deemed acceptable and the provided feedback easy to understand. Patients attempted to apply suggestions from ESM-derived feedback to daily life. These data suggest that the efficacy of traditional passive pharmacological approach to treatment of major depression can be enhanced by using person-tailored daily life information regarding positive affect.
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Several studies have tested ESM-based personalized feedback in patients with depression with preliminary positive effects on feelings of empowerment and a decrease in symptoms of depression.
“Personalized feedback based on ESM data is new to the field of psychology but several studies have tested the intervention in patients with depression with preliminary positive effects on feelings of empowerment and a decrease in symptoms of depression [26–29].”
From Personalized exposure and experience sampling method feedback versus exposure as usual for obsessive–compulsive disorder: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that depressed patients receiving ESM-derived personalized feedback had a clinically relevant, persistent decrease in depressive symptoms. The Results say patients appreciated the feedback and tried to apply it, but the paper does not report an effect on feelings of empowerment. This paper is one trial within the citing sentence’s group of references, not evidence by itself for several studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredESM assessment itself is increasingly considered an intervention for psychopathology, and there is first evidence of its benefits.
“First, ESM assessment itself is increasingly considered an intervention for psychopathology, and there is the first evidence of its benefits [30, 52].”
From Using person-specific networks in psychotherapy: challenges, limitations, and how we could use them anyway (2020) · cites this paper as [52]
Psymate was tested in a sample of 102 clinically depressed patients in a three-arm randomized controlled trial.
“Psymate was tested in a sample of 102 clinically depressed patients in a three-arm randomized controlled trial”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
Use of Psymate was associated with increased levels of perceived empowerment, regardless of the presence of weekly feedback.
“the use of Psymate was associated with increased levels of perceived empowerment, regardless of the presence of weekly feedback”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
Psymate produced a significant reduction in depressive symptoms in the experimental group that was maintained at follow-up.
“Results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms in the experimental group that was maintained in the follow-up assessment.”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
Decreased depressive symptoms were associated with increased positive daily behaviours.
“Decreased depressive symptoms were also associated with increased positive daily behaviours.”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
Use of Psymate was associated with increased experienced positive affect throughout treatment.
“and with increased experienced PA throughout the treatment”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
Participants in the pseudo-experimental condition reported decreased depressive symptoms in the first weeks of treatment, but this gain was not maintained across the weeks.
“Participants in the pseudo-experimental condition reported decreased depressive symptoms in the first weeks of the treatment, but this gain was not maintained across the weeks.”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
The most substantial improvements in depressive symptoms in the sample occurred after post assessment, when there were no more ESM measurements to determine whether improvements in emotion differentiation were sustained.
“In the present study, this could not be tested as the most substantial improvements in depressive symptoms in the sample occurred after post assessment (Kramer et al., 2014), when there were no more ESM measurements to be able to determine whether improvements in emotion differentiation were sustained.”
From Effect of self-monitoring through experience sampling on emotion differentiation in depression (2019) · cites this paper as Kramer et al., 2014
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- Authors
- Kramer, I., Simons, C. J. P., Hartmann, J. A., Menne-Lothmann, C., Viechtbauer, W., Peeters, F., Schruers, K., van Bemmel, A. L., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., van Os, J., & Wichers, M.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology; Maastricht University Medical Centre; European Graduate School of Neuroscience; SEARCH, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
- GGzE; Institute of Mental Health Care Eindhoven and the Kempen; P.O. Box 909, 5600 AX Eindhoven The Netherlands
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 68-77
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3918026
- OpenAlex
- W2019131541
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 33.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiteit Maastricht
- Servier
- Cilag
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- ecological momentary assessment, depression, positive affect, adjunctive therapy, major depressive disorder, pharmacotherapy, personalized feedback, daily life patterns, outpatients, relapse prevention
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