Using the Medical Research Council framework for development and evaluation of complex interventions in a low resource setting to develop a theory-based treatment support intervention delivered via SMS text message to improve blood pressure control
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Several frameworks now exist to guide intervention development but there remains only limited evidence of their application to health interventions based around use of mobile phones or devices, particularly in a low-resource setting. We aimed to describe our experience of using the Medical Research Council (MRC) Framework on complex interventions to develop and evaluate an adherence support intervention for high blood pressure delivered by SMS text message. We further aimed to describe the developed intervention in line with reporting guidelines for a structured and systematic description. METHODS: We used a non-sequential and flexible approach guided by the 2008 MRC Framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions. RESULTS: We reviewed published literature and established a multi-disciplinary expert group to guide the development process. We selected health psychology theory and behaviour change techniques that have been shown to be important in adherence and persistence with chronic medications. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups with various stakeholders identified ways in which treatment adherence could be supported and also identified key features of well-regarded messages: polite tone, credible information, contextualised, and endorsed by identifiable member of primary care facility staff. Direct and indirect user testing enabled us to refine the intervention including refining use of language and testing of interactive components. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience shows that using a formal intervention development process is feasible in a low-resource multi-lingual setting. The process enabled us to pre-test assumptions about the intervention and the evaluation process, allowing the improvement of both. Describing how a multi-component intervention was developed including standardised descriptions of content aimed to support behaviour change will enable comparison with other similar interventions and support development of new interventions. Even in low-resource settings, funders and policy-makers should provide researchers with time and resources for intervention development work and encourage evaluation of the entire design and testing process. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial of the intervention is registered with South African National Clinical Trials Register number (SANCTR DOH-27-1212-386; 28/12/2012); Pan Africa Trial Register (PACTR201411000724141; 14/12/2013); ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT02019823 ; 24/12/2013).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The *STAR2D study underway has found that tailoring dietary advice to patient context is appropriate.
“For example, the *STAR2D study61 underway has found that tailoring dietary advice to patient context is appropriate.46”
From mHealth text and voice communication for monitoring people with chronic diseases in low-resource settings: a realist review (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805 · see citing works
Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1655 · Cited by 10,995 · see citing works
Hoffmann, T. C., Glasziou, P. P., Boutron, I., Milne, R., Perera, R., Moher, D., Altman, D. G., Barbour, V., Macdonald, H., Johnston, M., et al. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g1687 · Cited by 10,548 · see citing works
Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., Eccles, M. P., Cane, J., & Wood, C. E. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6 · Cited by 7,629 · see citing works
Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework.
Glasgow, R. E., Vogt, T. M., & Boles, S. M. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.9.1322 · Cited by 7,217 · see citing works
Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance
Moore, G. F., Audrey, S., Barker, M., Bond, L., Bonell, C., Hardeman, W., Moore, L., O'Cathain, A., Tinati, T., Wight, D., et al. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h1258 · Cited by 6,204 · see citing works
Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease
Collins, R., Peto, R., MacMahon, S., Godwin, J., Qizilbash, N., Collins, R., MacMahon, S., Hebert, P., Eberlein, K. A., Taylor, J. O., et al. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z · Cited by 4,491 · see citing works
Kirk, J. M. W., MacDonald, A., Lavender, P., Dean, J. M., & Rubin, G. (2017) · Biomedicine Hub · doi:10.1159/000480347 · Cited by 3,901 · see citing works
Interventions for enhancing medication adherence
Nieuwlaat, R., Wilczynski, N., Navarro, T., Hobson, N., Jeffery, R., Keepanasseril, A., Agoritsas, T., Mistry, N., Iorio, A., Jack, S., et al. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000011.pub4 · Cited by 2,945 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The most effective strategies for improving adherence were complex including combinations of more instructions and health education for patients, disease and treatment-specific adherence counselling, automated and in-person telephone follow-up, and reminders (for pills, appointments, and prescription refills) [22].”
BackgroundFree, C., Phillips, G., Galli, L., Watson, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., Patel, V., & Haines, A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001362 · Cited by 1,766 · see citing works
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Handoll, H. H., Howe, T. E., & Madhok, R. (2002) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0031-9406(05)60709-2 · Cited by 1,497 · see citing works
Heron, K. E., & Smyth, J. M. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910709x466063 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works
Lester, R. T., Ritvo, P., Mills, E. J., Kariri, A., Karanja, S., Chung, M. H., Jack, W., Habyarimana, J., Sadatsafavi, M., Najafzadeh, M., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61997-6 · Cited by 1,278 · cited 2× · see citing works
“South Africa is a middle-income country with high levels of income inequality and a quadruple burden of disease (HIV/AIDS, maternal and child, non-communicable diseases, violence.)”
BackgroundViswanathan, M., Golin, C. E., Jones, C. D., Ashok, M., Blalock, S. J., Wines, R. C. M., Coker-Schwimmer, E. J. L., Rosen, D. L., Sista, P., & Lohr, K. N. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-11-201212040-00538 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Free, C., Knight, R., Robertson, S., Whittaker, R., Edwards, P., Zhou, W., Rodgers, A., Cairns, J., Kenward, M. G., & Roberts, I. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60701-0 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self-management of long-term illnesses
de Jongh, T., Gurol-Urganci, I., Vodopivec-Jamsek, V., Car, J., & Atun, R. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007459.pub2 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Health in South Africa: changes and challenges since 2009
Mayosi, B. M., Lawn, J. E., van Niekerk, A., Bradshaw, D., Abdool Karim, S. S., & Coovadia, H. M. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61814-5 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Beratarrechea, A., Lee, A. G., Willner, J. M., Jahangir, E., Ciapponi, A., & Rubinstein, A. (2014) · Telemedicine and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2012.0328 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Medication Adherence and Persistence as the Cornerstone of Effective Antihypertensive Therapy
Burnier, M. (2006) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.04.006 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Finitsis, D. J., Pellowski, J. A., & Johnson, B. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088166 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Schroeder, K., Fahey, T. P., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004804 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Society for Prevention Research Type 2 Translational Task Force Members and Contributing Authors, Spoth, R., Rohrbach, L. A., Greenberg, M., Leaf, P., Brown, C. H., Fagan, A., Catalano, R. F., Pentz, M. A., Sloboda, Z., et al. (2013) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0362-6 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Mbuagbaw, L., Thabane, L., Ongolo-Zogo, P., Lester, R., Mills, E., Smieja, M., Dolovich, L., & Kouanfack, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046909 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
What is a planning model? An introduction to PRECEDE‐PROCEED
Crosby, R. A., & Noar, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2011.00235.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Logan, A. G., Irvine, M. J., McIsaac, W. J., Tisler, A., Rossos, P. G., Easty, A., Feig, D. S., & Cafazzo, J. A. (2012) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.188409 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
McKinstry, B., Hanley, J., Wild, S., Pagliari, C., Paterson, M., Lewis, S., Sheikh, A., Krishan, A., Stoddart, A., & Padfield, P. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f3030 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
South African hypertension practice guideline 2014 : review article
Seedat, Y. K., Rayner, B. L., & Veriava, Y. (2014) · Cardiovascular journal of South Africa/Cardiovascular journal of Southern Africa · doi:10.5830/cvja-2014-062 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Wilkinson, D., Gouws, E., Sach, M., & Karim, S. S. A. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.1590/s0042-96862001000700012 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Gwadry-Sridhar, F. H., Manias, E., Lal, L., Salas, M., Hughes, D. A., Ratzki-Leewing, A., & Grubisic, M. (2013) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2013.03.1631 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Tibazarwa, K., Ntyintyane, L., Sliwa, K., Gerntholtz, T., Carrington, M., Wilkinson, D., & Stewart, S. (2009) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.11.067 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Adler, A. J., Martin, N., Mariani, J. A., Tajer, C. D., Owolabi, O. O., Free, C., Serrano, N. C., Casas, J. P., & Perel, P. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011851.pub2 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Mobile phone-based behavioural interventions for health: A systematic review
Buhi, E. R., Trudnak, T. E., Martinasek, M. P., Oberne, A. B., Fuhrmann, H. J., & McDermott, R. J. (2013) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896912452071 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Rubinstein, A., Miranda, J. J., Beratarrechea, A. G., Diez‐Canseco, F., Kanter, R., Gutiérrez, L., Bernabé‐Ortiz, A., Irazola, V. E., Fernandez, A., Letona, P., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00381-2 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Leon, N., Surender, R., Bobrow, K., Muller, J., & Farmer, A. (2015) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-015-0289-7 · Cited by 126 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The findings from the evaluation have been reported separately [47].”
BackgroundSelf-citationEvaluation of a Telemedicine Service for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease
Blasco, A., Carmona, M., Fernández-Lozano, I., Salvador, C. H., Pascual, M., Sagredo, P. G., Somolinos, R., Muñoz, A., García-López, F., Escudier, J. M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0b013e3182343aa7 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Márquez Contreras, E., de la Figuera von Wichmann, M., Gil Guillén, V., Ylla-Catalá, A., Figueras, M., Balaña, M., & Naval, J. (2004) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s0212-6567(04)78922-2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Explaining the role of the social determinants of health on health inequality in South Africa
Ataguba, J. E.-O., Day, C., & McIntyre, D. (2015) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v8.28865 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bobrow, K., Brennan, T., Springer, D., Levitt, N. S., Rayner, B., Namane, M., Yu, L.-M., Tarassenko, L., & Farmer, A. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-28 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationContreras, E. M., Garcia, O. V., Claros, N. M., Gil-Guillén, V. F., von Wichmann, M. D. L. F., Martínez, J. J. C., & Fernández, R. (2005) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.1080/08037050510008977 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Modi, D. K., Gopalan, R., Shah, S., Venkatraman, S., Desai, G., Desai, S., & Shah, P. (2015) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v8.26769 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Lau, Y. K., Cassidy, T., Hacking, D., Brittain, K., Haricharan, H. J., & Heap, M. (2014) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-284 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Carrasco, M., Salvador, C. H., Sagredo, P., Marquez-Montes, J., de Mingo, M. A. G., Fragua, J. A., Rodriguez, M. C., García-Olmos, L., López, F. J. G., Carrero, A. M., et al. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/titb.2008.926429 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Yasmin, F., Banu, B., Zakir, S., Sauerborn, R., Ali, L., & Souares, A. (2016) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0286-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Michie, S., Brown, J., Geraghty, A. W. A., Miller, S., Yardley, L., Gardner, B., Shahab, L., McEwen, A., Stapleton, J., & West, R. (2012) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-012-0135-6 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Development of a complex intervention to test the effectiveness of peer support in type 2 diabetes
Paul, G., Smith, S. M., Whitford, D. L., O'Kelly, F. D., & O’Dowd, T. (2007) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-136 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
de Jong, S. D. J., Candel, M. J. J. M., Segaar, D., Cremers, H., & de Vries, H. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2469 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Charif, A. B., Hassani, K., Wong, S. T., Zomahoun, H. T. V., Fortin, M., Freitas, A., Katz, A., Kendall, C., Liddy, C. E., Nicholson, K., et al. (2018) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20180143 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lakshman, R., Griffin, S. J., Hardeman, W., Schiff, A., Kinmonth, A. L., & Ong, K. K. (2014) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2014/646504 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Nhavoto, J. A., Grönlund, Å., & Chaquilla, W. P. (2015) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.3854 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Developing a complex intervention to reduce time to presentation with symptoms of lung cancer
Smith, S. M., Murchie, P., Devereux, G., Johnston, M., Lee, A. J., Macleod, U., Nicolson, M. C., Powell, R., Ritchie, L. D., Wyke, S., et al. (2012) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp12x654579 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Morikawa, N., Yamasue, K., Tochikubo, O., & Mizushima, S. (2011) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641963.2011.583966 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stewart, S., Carrington, M. J., Pretorius, S., Ogah, O. S., Blauwet, L. A., Antras‐Ferry, J., & Sliwa, K. S. (2011) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kim, M. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v48i4.986 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Farmer, A., Bobrow, K., Leon, N., Williams, N., Phiri, E., Namadingo, H., Cooper, S., Prince, J., Crampin, A., Besada, D., et al. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/12377 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A design and evaluation framework for digital health interventions
Kowatsch, T., Otto, L., Harperink, S., Cotti, A., & Schlieter, H. (2019) · it - Information Technology · doi:10.1515/itit-2019-0019 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Shahsavari, H., Matourypour, P., Ghiyasvandian, S., & Nejad, M. G. (2020) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_649_19 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Anstey Watkins, J., Goudge, J., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Huxley, C., Dodd, K., & Griffiths, F. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000543 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
How to Design a Remote Patient Monitoring System? A French Case Study
Ferrua, M., Minvielle, É., Fourcade, A., Lalloué, B., Sicotte, C., Palma, M. D., & Mir, O. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05293-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dhinagaran, D. A., Martinengo, L., Ho, M. R., Joty, S., Kowatsch, T., Atun, R. A., & Car, L. T. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/38740 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Charif, A. B., Hassani, K., Wong, S. T., Zomahoun, H. T. V., Fortin, M., Freitas, A., Katz, A., Kendall, C., Liddy, C. E., Nicholson, K., et al. (2018) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20180143 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kim, M. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v48i4.986 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Leon, N., Namadingo, H., Bobrow, K., Cooper, S., Crampin, A., Pauly, B., Levitt, N., & Farmer, A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-10089-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationIsangula, K. G., Shumba, C. S., Pallangyo, E., Mbekenga, C. K., & Ndirangu, E. W. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/37947 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Isangula, K. G., Pallangyo, E., & Ndirangu, E. W. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01472-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Appiah, R., Fadiji, A. W., Wissing, M. P., & Schutte, L. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22566 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Farmer, A., Bobrow, K., Leon, N., Williams, N., Phiri, E., Namadingo, H., Cooper, S., Prince, J., Crampin, A., Besada, D., et al. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/12377 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationZang, Y., Fu, L., Zhang, H., Hou, R., & Lu, H. S. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13805 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
O cuidado de Enfermagem em estomaterapia: desenvolvimento de um programa de intervenção
Sousa, C., & Santos, C. (2020) · Enfermagem em Foco · doi:10.21675/2357-707x.2019.v10.n5.2314 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hypertension Diagnosis and Management in Africa Using Mobile Phones: A Scoping Review
Oronti, I. B., Iadanza, E., & Pecchia, L. (2022) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2022.3186828 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
O’Neill, L. M., Guinan, E. M., Brennan, L. K., Doyle, S. L., O’Connor, L., Sheill, G., Smyth, E., Fairman, C. M., Segurado, R., Connolly, D., et al. (2021) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13185.2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Newhouse, N., Bartlett, Y. K., Simao, S. C., Miles, L. M., Cholerton, R., Kenning, C., Locock, L., Williams, V., French, D., Rea, R. D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70203 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Y.-M., Wang, T., Chan, H., & Huang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/71982 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Oy, S., Saing, C. H., Ung, M., Zahari, M., Inthavong, N., Kim, S., Hayashi, M., Khuon, D., Koy, V., Mam, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1239228 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Fan, J., Chen, L., Xie, L., Huang, L., Ruan, Y., Xu, X., & Liang, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1131270 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dreischor, F., Laan, E. T. M., Apers, S., Repping, S., van Lunsen, R. H. W., Lambalk, C. B., ́Hooghe, T. D., Goddijn, M., Custers, I. M., & Dancet, E. A. F. (2020) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa106 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Austin, E. J., Neukirch, J., Ong, T. D., Simpson, L., Berger, G. N., Keller, C., Flum, D. R., Giusti, E., Azen, J. L., & Davidson, G. H. (2020) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06140-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
O’Neill, L. M., Guinan, E. M., Doyle, S. L., O’Connor, L., Sheill, G., Smyth, E., Fairman, C. M., Segurado, R., Connolly, D., O'Sullivan, J. N., et al. (2020) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13185.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gabriel, I. O., Creedy, D. K., McGuire, A., & Coyne, E. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01117-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ashikali, E., Ludwig, C., Graf, C. E., Ionita, I., & Busnel, C. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05399-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alamer, A., Palm, C., Almulhim, A., Te, C., Pendergrass, M., & Fazel, M. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207590 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chima, S., Hunter, B., Martínez-Gutiérrez, J., Lumsden, N. G., Nelson, C., Boyle, D. I., Somasundaram, K., Manski-Nankervis, J.-A. E., & Emery, J. D. (2025) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/65461 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring two-way text messages for post-discharge follow-up and quality improvement in rural Uganda
Huxford, C., Hwang, B., Dunsmuir, D., Pillay, Y., Tusingwire, F., Otim, F. O., Akello, B., Ishebukara, A. I. A., Novakowski, S., Toliva, B. O., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322969 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Khoziasheva, A. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101921 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Obieche, O., Tan, J., Sharma, S., Bressington, D., & Wang, T. (2025) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep15100364 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Williams, E., Allison, D., & Willis, S. C. (2020) · International Journal of Health Promotion and Education · doi:10.1080/14635240.2020.1812419 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Halvorsen, U., Bjørnnes, A. K., & Ljosaa, T. M. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s394878 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Fan, J., Chen, L., Xie, L., Huang, L., Ruan, Y., Xu, X., & Liang, Z. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3020056/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluating digital health literacy interventions for adults 45+ years: a scoping review
Sinanan, R., Doorn, G. H. V., Browning, C. J., Klein, B., & Foale, C. (2026) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daag080 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kaur, J., Kaur, M., Chakrapani, V., & Kumar, R. (2023) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyad020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Farmer, A., Bobrow, K., Leon, N., Williams, N., Phiri, E., Namadingo, H., Cooper, S., Prince, J., Crampin, A., Besada, D., et al. (2018) · doi:10.2196/preprints.12377
Self-citationGabriel, I., Creedy, D., & Coyne, E. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-491570/v1
Exploring two-way text messages for post-discharge follow-up and quality improvement in rural UgandaPreprint
Huxford, C., Hwang, B., Dunsmuir, D. T., Pillay, Y., Tusingwire, F., Oyella, F., Akello, B., Ishebukara, A. I. A., Novakowski, S. K., Opar, B. T., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.04.02.25325125
Ghasemi, E., Rajabi, F., & Majdzadeh, R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335311
Leon, N., Namadingo, H., Bobrow, K., Cooper, S., Crampin, A., Pauly, B., Levitt, N., & Farmer, A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13585524
Self-citationLeon, N., Namadingo, H., Bobrow, K., Cooper, S., Crampin, A., Pauly, B., Levitt, N., & Farmer, A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13585527
Self-citationDhinagaran, D. A., Martinengo, L., Ho, M.-H. R., Joty, S., Kowatsch, T., Atun, R. A., & Car, L. T. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.38740
Boateng, G., & Bosun-Arije, F. S. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113447
- Authors
- Bobrow, K., Farmer, A., Cishe, N., Nwagi, N., Namane, M., Brennan, T. P., Springer, D., Tarassenko, L., & Levitt, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Western Cape Department of Health (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Bobrow, Kirsten
- Venue
- BMC Health Services Research
- Published
- 2018-01-23
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-33
- ISSN
- 1472-6963 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5782371
- OpenAlex
- W2787373480
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 7.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (GB) and Wellcome Trust (DFR RDV0)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- MRC framework for complex interventions, intervention development, safety management systems, mobile health, hypertension, blood pressure control, medication adherence, behaviour change techniques, health psychology theory, resource-limited settings, user testing, stakeholder engagement, primary care
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Africa, Aged, Behavior Therapy, Female, Health Resources, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Theoretical, Self Care, Program Evaluation, Program Development, Focus Groups, Advisory Committees, Biomedical Research, Text Messaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
