A Development and Evaluation Process for mHealth Interventions: Examples From New Zealand
Abstract
The authors established a process for the development and testing of mobile phone-based health interventions that has been implemented in several mHealth interventions developed in New Zealand. This process involves a series of steps: conceptualization, formative research to inform the development, pretesting content, pilot study, pragmatic randomized controlled trial, and further qualitative research to inform improvement or implementation. Several themes underlie the entire process, including the integrity of the underlying behavior change theory, allowing for improvements on the basis of participant feedback, and a focus on implementation from the start. The strengths of this process are the involvement of the target audience in the development stages and the use of rigorous research methods to determine effectiveness. The limitations include the time required and potentially a less formalized and randomized approach than some other processes. This article aims to describe the steps and themes in the mHealth development process, using the examples of a mobile phone video messaging smoking cessation intervention and a mobile phone multimedia messaging depression prevention intervention, to stimulate discussion on these and other potential methods.
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Interventions were delivered in a variety of settings (e.g. inpatient, outpatient clinics and home-based settings) and targeted a wide range of conditions, such as mental health conditions, stroke, cancer and other chronic illnesses.
“Interventions were delivered in a variety of settings (e.g. inpatient, outpatient clinics and home-based settings) and targeted a wide range of conditions, such as mental health conditions [28, 30, 35, 40, 47], stroke [31, 36, 39], cancer [29, 32, 33, 37, 42] and other chronic illnesses [25, 34, 38].”
From Optimisation of complex health interventions prior to a randomised controlled trial: a scoping review of strategies used (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
One included study conducted in New Zealand introduced and applied new guidelines specifically for the development of mobile health interventions.
“and one study conducted in New Zealand introduced and applied new guidelines specifically for the development of mobile health interventions [47].”
From Optimisation of complex health interventions prior to a randomised controlled trial: a scoping review of strategies used (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
Optimisation strategies applying qualitative methods tended to explore acceptability and feasibility issues.
“Optimisation strategies applying qualitative methods tended to explore acceptability and feasibility issues [26, 30, 32, 34, 39, 47, 48].”
From Optimisation of complex health interventions prior to a randomised controlled trial: a scoping review of strategies used (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
Several included studies employed well-established qualitative methods including interviews or focus groups with providers and recipients or relevant stakeholders, and observations and consensus processes including researchers, patients and clinical experts.
“Several studies employed well-established qualitative methods including interviews or focus groups with providers and recipients or relevant stakeholders [26, 30, 32, 34, 39, 47, 48] and observations and consensus processes including researchers, patients and clinical experts [31].”
From Optimisation of complex health interventions prior to a randomised controlled trial: a scoping review of strategies used (2016) · cites this paper as [47]
The current literature provides some guidance on how to adapt mobile phone-based interventions for use in countries where they were not specifically designed, acknowledging the essential role of the end user.
“The current literature provides some guidance on how to adapt mobile phone-based interventions (for use in countries wherein it was not specifically designed), acknowledging the essential role of the end user in this process [24,46,47].”
From Assessing the Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Translation of a Text-Based Mobile Smoking Cessation Program in Samoa (TXTTaofiTapaa): Pilot Study (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
The development of TextMATCH was guided by our previously developed mHealth Development and Evaluation framework.
“The development of TextMATCH was guided by our previously developed mHealth Development and Evaluation framework [24]”
From Development of a Culturally Tailored Text Message Maternal Health Program: TextMATCH (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Whittaker, R., Merry, S., Dorey, E., & Maddison, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Whittaker, Robyn
- Venue
- Journal of Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-05-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- sup1
- Pages
- 11-21
- ISSN
- 1081-0730 (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0415
- OpenAlex
- W2123284020
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 30.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- mobile health intervention, formative research, pilot study, pragmatic randomized controlled trial, behaviour change theory, participant feedback, implementation, user participation, smoking cessation, depression prevention, video messaging, multimedia messaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depression, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, New Zealand, Pilot Projects, Research Design, Video Recording, Program Evaluation, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking Cessation, Program Development, Focus Groups, Telemedicine, Multimedia, Qualitative Research, Cell Phone, Young Adult, Health Communication
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