Post-marketing withdrawal of anti-obesity medicinal products because of adverse drug reactions: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: We identified anti-obesity medications withdrawn since 1950 because of adverse drug reactions after regulatory approval, and examined the evidence used to support such withdrawals, investigated the mechanisms of the adverse reactions, and explored the trends over time. METHODS: We conducted searches in PubMed, the World Health Organization database of drugs, the websites of drug regulatory authorities, and selected full texts, and we hand searched references in retrieved documents. We included anti-obesity medications that were withdrawn between 1950 and December 2015 and assessed the levels of evidence used for making withdrawal decisions using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. RESULTS: We identified 25 anti-obesity medications withdrawn between 1964 and 2009; 23 of these were centrally acting, via monoamine neurotransmitters. Case reports were cited as evidence for withdrawal in 80% of instances. Psychiatric disturbances, cardiotoxicity (mainly attributable to re-uptake inhibitors), and drug abuse or dependence (mainly attributable to neurotransmitter releasing agents) together accounted for 83% of withdrawals. Deaths were reportedly associated with seven products (28%). In almost half of the cases, the withdrawals occurred within 2 years of the first report of an adverse reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the drugs that affect monoamine neurotransmitters licensed for the treatment of obesity over the past 65 years have been withdrawn because of adverse reactions. The reasons for withdrawal raise concerns about the wisdom of using pharmacological agents that target monoamine neurotransmitters in managing obesity. Greater transparency in the assessment of harms from anti-obesity medications is therefore warranted.
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Older anti-obesity drugs such as orlistat, phentermine/topiramate, bupropion/naltrexone, and lorcaserin yielded average weight loss of 10% or less after one year but carried serious safety risks.
“have demonstrated an average body weight loss of ≤10% after one year, but with serious safety concerns such as cardiotoxicity, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer (6).”
From Regional trends and disparities in newer <scp>GLP1</scp> receptor agonist initiation among real‐world adult patients eligible for obesity treatment (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Onakpoya, I. J., Heneghan, C. J., & Aronson, J. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Onakpoya, Igho J.
- Venue
- BMC Medicine
- Published
- 2016-11-29
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 191-191
- ISSN
- 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5126837
- OpenAlex
- W2551793627
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Pharmacological Society
- University of Oxford
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- NIHR School for Primary Care Research
- Clarendon Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Keywords
- anti-obesity drugs, drug withdrawal, adverse drug reactions, monoamines, psychiatric disturbances, cardiotoxicity, drug addiction, drug abuse, level of evidence, regulatory decision-making, obesity treatment
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Obesity, Product Surveillance, Postmarketing, Safety-Based Drug Withdrawals, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
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