Regulation of visceral and epicardial adipose tissue for preventing cardiovascular injuries associated to obesity and diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Nowadays, obesity is seriously increasing in most of the populations all over the world, and is associated with the development and progression of high-mortality diseases such as type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its subsequent cardiovascular pathologies. Recent data suggest that both body fat distribution and adipocyte phenotype, can be more determinant for fatal outcomes in obese patients than increased general adiposity. In particular, visceral adiposity is significantly linked to long term alterations on different cardiac structures, and in developed forms of myocardial diseases such as hypertensive and ischaemic heart diseases, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Interestingly, this depot may be also related to epicardial fat accumulation through secretion of lipids, adipokines, and pro-inflammatory and oxidative factors from adipocytes. Thus, visceral adiposity and its white single-lipid-like adipocytes, are risk factors for different forms of heart disease and heart failure, mainly in higher degree obese subjects. However, under specific stimuli, some of these adipocytes can transdifferentiate to brown multi-mitochondrial-like adipocytes with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic proprieties. Accordingly, in order to improve potential cardiovascular abnormalities in obese and T2DM patients, several therapeutic strategies have been addressed to modulate the visceral and epicardial fat volume and phenotypes. In addition to lifestyle modifications, specific genetic manipulations in adipose tissue and administration of PPARγ agonists or statins, have improved fat volume and phenotype, and cardiovascular failures. Furthermore, incretin stimulation reduced visceral and epicardial fat thickness whereas increased formation of brown adipocytes, alleviating insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular pathologies.
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Treatments ameliorating the altered composition and distribution of fat stores may produce the best results in HFpEF.
“More specifically, treatments ameliorating the altered composition and distribution of fat stores may produce the best results [117].”
From Dysregulated epicardial adipose tissue as a risk factor and potential therapeutic target of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in diabetes (2022) · cites this paper as [117]
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“Pharmacological reduction of the WAT/BAT ratio The most noteworthy treatment for T2DM, metformin, decreased VAT volume, activated BAT and selectively enhanced clearance of VLDL lipoproteins into BAT in obese mice [95] (Table 2).”
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“, cardiomyopathy and CAD), suggesting that EAT suffers greater oxidative stress due to myocardial stress [43].”
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“Metabolically healthy obese individuals showed more but smaller-sized adipocytes than obese patients with metabolic disorders [36].”
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“In addition, this dread is not restricted to adulthood, since at least 41 million children are obese or overweight [1].”
BackgroundMicrobiota and epigenetic regulation of inflammatory mediators in type 2 diabetes and obesity
Remely, M., Aumueller, E., Jahn, D., Hippe, B., Brath, H., & Haslberger, A. G. (2014) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2013.006 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Epicardial adipose tissue has a unique transcriptome modified in severe coronary artery disease
McAninch, E. A., Fonseca, T. L., Poggioli, R., Panos, A. L., Salerno, T. A., Deng, Y., Li, Y., Bianco, A. C., & Iacobellis, G. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21059 · Cited by 130 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Also, EAT can discharge FFA into the bloodstream, disturbing vascular homeostasis and endothelial dysfunction, and leading to CAD and hypoxia [51, 52].”
BackgroundInfluentialFuruhashi, M., Fuseya, T., Murata, M., Hoshina, K., Ishimura, S., Mita, T., Watanabe, Y. S., Omori, A., Matsumoto, M., Sugaya, T., et al. (2016) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.116.307225 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Sacks, H. S., Fain, J. N., Cheema, P., Bahouth, S. W., Garrett, E., Wolf, R. Y., Wolford, D., & Samaha, J. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2083 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Du, Y., Ji, Q., Cai, L., Huang, F.-J., Lai, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Han, B., Zhu, E., Zhang, J., et al. (2016) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0406-5 · Cited by 119 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Also, EAT can discharge FFA into the bloodstream, disturbing vascular homeostasis and endothelial dysfunction, and leading to CAD and hypoxia [51, 52].”
BackgroundInfluentialRabkin, S. W., & Campbell, H. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12270 · Cited by 114 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, Rouxen-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy) in decreasing EAT, is controversial, with a certain variability in the grade of EAT shrinking among the studies [73].”
BackgroundGinsenoside Rb1 promotes browning through regulation of PPARγ in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Mu, Q., Fang, X., Li, X., Zhao, D., Mo, F., Jiang, G., Yu, N., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Fu, M., et al. (2015) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.064 · Cited by 114 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Also, steroid glycosides as ginsenoside Rb1 improved glucose and lipid metabolisms and reduced body weight in obese animals by up-regulating PRDM-16, PGC1α, and UCP-1 expression and WAT browning [83].”
BackgroundPark, J.-H., Park, Y. S., Kim, Y. J., Lee, I. S., Kim, J. H., Lee, J.-H., Choi, S. W., Jeong, J.-O., & Seong, I.-W. (2010) · Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound · doi:10.4250/jcu.2010.18.4.121 · Cited by 114 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In fact, EAT thickness and inflammation were reduced in T2DM subjects and hyperlipidemic post-menopausal women after atorvastatin administration, independently of lipid lowering or CAD progression [106, 107].”
BackgroundMorano, S., Romagnoli, E., Filardi, T., Nieddu, L., Mandosi, E., Fallarino, M., Turinese, I., Dagostino, M. P., Lenzi, A., & Carnevale, V. (2015) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0710-z · Cited by 110 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Another GLP-1R agonist (exenatide), reduced EAT and subcutaneous and liver fat in T2DM patients, in a similar fashion than liraglutide [110].”
BackgroundEpicardial Fat: Physiological, Pathological, and Therapeutic Implications
Salazar, J. J., Luzardo, E., Mejías, J. C., Rojas, J., Ferreira, A. M., Rivas-Ríos, J. R., & Bermúdez, V. (2016) · Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2016/1291537 · Cited by 107 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, reducing cell hyperpolarization and ROS production) mechanisms [27, 28].”
BackgroundXiao, L., Yang, X., Lin, Y., Li, S., Jiang, J., Qian, S., Tang, Q., He, R., & Li, X. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.145 · Cited by 106 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, IFNγ) that enhanced the pro-inflammatory response of infiltrated immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, Tand B-cells, and eosinophils [41].”
BackgroundUncoupling protein 1 binds one nucleotide per monomer and is stabilized by tightly bound cardiolipin
Lee, Y., Willers, C., Kunji, E. R. S., & Crichton, P. G. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1503833112 · Cited by 97 · cited 1× · see citing works
“BAT generates non-shivering thermogenesis and energy dissipation by oxidation of glucose and fatty acids, and activation of the mitochondrial transporter uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), which deviate electron transfer from ATP synthesis to dissipate protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing heat [7].”
BackgroundLima-Martínez, M. M., Paoli, M., Rodney, M., Balladares, N., Contreras, M., D’Marco, L., & Iacobellis, G. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0710-y · Cited by 92 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this line, sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor that avoid GLP-1 degradation, reduced also EAT (15%) in parallel to VAT and more intensively than BMI and waist circumference, in T2DM individuals [114].”
BackgroundBrown adipose tissue: Updates in cellular and molecular biology
Bargut, T. C. L., Águila, M. B., & Mandarim‐de‐Lacerda, C. A. (2016) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2016.08.001 · Cited by 92 · cited 1× · see citing works
“BAT in obese/T2DM mice was also less vascularized than in wild type, and their brown adipocytes were larger, unilocular, and mostly UCP1-negative [66].”
BackgroundGarcía-Ruiz, E., Reynés, B., Díaz‐Rúa, R., Ceresi, E., Oliver, P., & Palou, A. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.112 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Inoue, K., Maeda, N., Kashine, S., Fujishima, Y., Kozawa, J., Hiuge-Shimizu, A., Okita, K., Imagawa, A., Funahashi, T., & Shimomura, I. (2011) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-10-109 · Cited by 89 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In particular, liraglutide shrink subcutaneous fat [109] and EAT (13%) in T2DM subjects after 12 weeks of treatment [110] (Table 2).”
Ramírez, E., Klett‐Mingo, M., Ares-Carrasco, S., Picatoste, B., Ferrarini, A., Rupérez, F. J., Caro‐Vadillo, A., Barbas, C., Egido, J., Tuñón, J., et al. (2013) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-12-172 · Cited by 85 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Myocardial steatosis promotes also hypoxia and apoptosis, which strength inflammation [55].”
BackgroundGlucagon-like peptide 1 regulates adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes
YANG, J., REN, J., SONG, J., LIU, F., WU, C., WANG, X., GONG, L., LI, W., XIAO, F., YAN, F., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2013.1350 · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, GLP-1 also triggered in vitro pre-adipocyte differentiation to stimulate adipocyte hyperplasia and insulin sensitivity [119].”
BackgroundControl of Brown Adipose Tissue Glucose and Lipid Metabolism by PPARγ
Festuccia, W. T., Blanchard, P.-G., & Deshaies, Y. (2011) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2011.00084 · Cited by 78 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite its small relative size, BAT is highly vascularized and constitutes an important glucose, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol-clearing organ, and such function could potentially be used to alleviate dyslipidaemias, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance [57].”
BackgroundBurgeiro, A., Fuhrmann, A., Cherian, S., Espinoza, D., Jarak, I., Carvalho, R. A., Loureiro, M., Patrício, M., Antunes, M., & Carvalho, E. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00384.2015 · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this regard, glucose and lipid metabolisms have been shown impaired in EAT of both diabetic and non-diabetic patients with HF [44].”
BackgroundCardioprotective proteins upregulated in the liver in response to experimental myocardial ischemia
Liu, S. Q., Tefft, B. J., Roberts, D., Zhang, L., Ren, Y., Li, Y. C., Huang, Y., Zhang, D., Phillips, H. R., & Wu, Y. H. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00362.2012 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
USF1 deficiency activates brown adipose tissue and improves cardiometabolic health
Laurila, P., Soronen, J., Kooijman, S., Forsström, S., Boon, M. R., Surakka, I. L., Kaiharju, E., Coomans, C. P., van den Berg, S. A. A., Autio, A. K., et al. (2016) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad0015 · Cited by 75 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Laurila et al. demonstrated that lacking upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) activated BAT in obese/T2DM mice, and promoted protection against dyslipidaemia, obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis.”
BackgroundInfluentialPredictors of Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity Across Ages and Adiposity in Adult Humans
Lalia, A. Z., Dasari, S., Johnson, M. L., Robinson, M. M., Konopka, A. R., Distelmaier, K., Port, J. D., Glavin, M., Esponda, R. R., Nair, K. S., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2892 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“VAT was also an independent negative marker of peripheral insulin sensitivity [15], which associated with components of the metabolic syndrome (i.”
BackgroundComparison of epicardial, abdominal and regional fat compartments in response to weight loss
Kim, M.-K., Tanaka, K., Kim, M.-J., Matuso, T., Endo, T., Tomita, T., Maeda, S., & Ajisaka, R. (2009) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.01.010 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interestingly, EAT shrink in a higher proportion than overall adiposity, and this was significantly associated with cardio-protection [67, 68].”
BackgroundMauras, N., DelGiorno, C., Hossain, J., Bird, K., Killen, K., Merinbaum, D., WELTMAN, A. L., Damaso, L. C., & Balagopal, P. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2011-0450 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, weight loss could not be achieved in all populations, and fat liver and markers of inflammation and thrombosis were not alleviated [97].”
BackgroundVisceral adiposity and left ventricular remodeling: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Abbasi, S. A., Hundley, W. G., Bluemke, D. A., Jerosch‐Herold, M., Blankstein, R., Petersen, S. E., Rider, O. J., Lima, J. A. C., Allison, M., Murthy, V. L., et al. (2015) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.03.016 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) reported that VAT independently associated with augmented left ventricular concentricity and hypertrophy [17].”
miR-125b affects mitochondrial biogenesis and impairs brite adipocyte formation and function
Giroud, M., Pisani, D., Karbiener, M., Barquissau, V., Ghandour, R., Tews, D., Fischer-Posovszky, P., Chambard, J., Knippschild, U., Niemi, T., et al. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.005 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, injections of an miR-125b-5p inhibitor directly into WAT increased β3-adrenoceptor-mediated induction of UCP-1 and BAT browning [85].”
BackgroundHypothalamic GLP-1: the control of BAT thermogenesis and browning of white fat
López, M., Diéguez, C., & Nogueiras, R. (2014) · Adipocyte · doi:10.4161/21623945.2014.983752 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Also, in obese rodents, exenatide induced a decrease of WAT in VAT and prompted plasma clearance of triacylglycerol and glucose, following BAT activation [112, 113].”
BackgroundDifferential Effects of Bariatric Surgery Versus Exercise on Excessive Visceral Fat Deposits
Wu, F., Huang, Y., Wu, C. C., Wang, Y.-C., Pan, H.-J., Huang, C.-K., Yeh, L., & Wu, M. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000002616 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Obesity drug sibutramine (Meridia): hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias.
Wooltorton, E. (2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Combination therapy with naltrexone and bupropion for obesity reduces total and visceral adiposity
Smith, S. R., Fujioka, K., Gupta, A. K., Billes, S. K., Burns, C., Kim, D., Dunayevich, E., & Greenway, F. L. (2013) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12095 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
“amphetamine) demonstrated a reduction of body weight and VAT, and improved cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, such as blood pressure, lipids and glycaemia [104].”
BackgroundFranssens, B. T., Hoogduin, H. M., Leiner, T., van der Graaf, Y., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2017) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.25594 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Non‐pharmacological stimulation of BAT Supraclavicular BAT was associated with less obesity and a more favourable metabolic profile in patients with cardiovascular diseases [77], meanwhile severe BAT lipoatrophy aggravated the atherosclerotic process in insulin receptor knockout mice [78].”
BackgroundShimasaki, T., Masaki, T., Mitsutomi, K., Ueno, D., Gotoh, K., Chiba, S., Kakuma, T., & Yoshimatsu, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063626 · Cited by 52 · cited 2× · see citing works
“GLP-1R at the hypothalamus was crucial for BAT thermogenesis and WAT browning, as well as control of food intake [112, 115].”
BackgroundDPP-4 inhibitors in diabetic complications: role of DPP-4 beyond glucose control
Bae, E. J. (2016) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-016-0813-x · Cited by 52 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, DDP4 inhibitors may also contribute to this action by their GLP-1-independent anti-inflammatory properties [120].”
BackgroundDallongeville, J., Bhatt, D. L., Steg, P. G., Ravaud, P., Wilson, P. W. F., Eagle, K. A., Goto, S., Mas, J., Montalescot, G., & (for the REACH Registry Investigators) (2011) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/1741826710394305 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Distel, E., Penot, G., Cadoudal, T., Balguy, I., Durant, S., & Benelli, C. (2012) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2012.04.014 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hadi, H. E., Frascati, A., Granzotto, M., Silvestrin, V., Ferlini, E., Vettor, R., & Rossato, M. (2016) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/37/12/n118 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“1% of body weight, which is five times lower than that of mouse [92], and BAT seems less prone to be activated, at least by cold exposure, in obese than in lean subjects [93].”
BackgroundLiu, C., Redheuil, A. B., Ouwerkerk, R., Lima, J. A. C., & Bluemke, D. A. (2010) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.22289 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Imaging acquisition during breath holding and interference of heart beats, water content and fat droplets from parenchymal cells, as well as the biophysical cardiac properties (relaxation times) and field inhomogeneity, can lead to confounding effects and high noise for diagnosis [39].”
BackgroundThermogenic capacity and brown fat in rats exercise-trained by running
Wickler, S. J., Stern, J. S., Glick, Z., & Horwitz, B. A. (1987) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(87)90067-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lifestyle-Induced Decrease in Fat Mass Improves Adiponectin Secretion in Obese Adults
KELLY, K. R., NAVANEETHAN, S. D., SOLOMON, T. P. J., HAUS, J. M., COOK, M., BARKOUKIS, H., & KIRWAN, J. P. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000200 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Interestingly, EAT shrink in a higher proportion than overall adiposity, and this was significantly associated with cardio-protection [67, 68].”
BackgroundEpicardial and Pericardial Fat Volume Correlate with the Severity of Coronary Artery Stenosis
Aslanabadi, N., Salehi, R., Javadrashid, A., Tarzamani, M. K., Khodadad, B., Enamzadeh, E., & Montazerghaem, H. (2014) · Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research · doi:10.15171/jcvtr.2014.018 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“EAT may turn into an adverse lipotoxic, pro-thrombotic, and pro-inflammatory organ, being considered a risk factor for CAD and CAD severity [49].”
BackgroundAdiposity and Incident Heart Failure in Older Adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study
Djoussé, L., Bartz, T. M., Ix, J. H., Zieman, S. J., Delaney, J. A., Mukamal, K. J., Gottdiener, J. S., Siscovick, D. S., & Kizer, J. R. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.320 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Health ABC [18] and Cardiovascular Health [19] studies demonstrated a positive relationship between VAT and HF, independently of BMI, waist circumference and the waist-hip ratio, as anthropometric surrogates values for predicting VAT accumulation [20].”
BackgroundContribution of Maladaptive Adipose Tissue Expansion to Development of Cardiovascular Disease
Jia, G., Jia, Y., & Sowers, J. R. (2016) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c160014 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fandiño‐Vaquero, R., Fernández‐Trasancos, Á., Álvarez, E., Ahmad, S., Oliveira, A. L., Adrio, B., Fernández, Á. L., González‐Juanatey, J. R., & Eiras-Penas, S. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.921 · Cited by 33 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Also, EAT can discharge FFA into the bloodstream, disturbing vascular homeostasis and endothelial dysfunction, and leading to CAD and hypoxia [51, 52].”
BackgroundInfluentialHong, J.-Y., Park, K.-Y., Kim, B.-J., Hwang, W.-M., Kim, D.-H., & Lim, D.-M. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2016.31.1.80 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“They also improved cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, such as blood pressure, lipids and glycaemia [108].”
BackgroundAuclair, A., Martin, J., Bastien, M., Bonneville, N., Biertho, L. D., Marceau, S., Hould, F., Biron, S., Lebel, S., Lescelleur, O., et al. (2015) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1973-3 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, the heterogeneity of fat composition [white (WAT), brown (BAT) and beige/brite/brown-like (bAT) adipose tissues] and the distribution of these depots, can be more crucial for the development of cardiometabolic disruptions [4, 5].”
BackgroundGoldani, H., Adami, F. S., Antunes, M. T., da Rosa, L. H. T., Fassina, P., Grave, M. T. Q., & Bosco, S. M. D. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.32.4.9589 · Cited by 30 · cited 4× · see citing works
“VAT was also an independent negative marker of peripheral insulin sensitivity [15], which associated with components of the metabolic syndrome (i.e., hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C) [16].”
InfluentialZheng, L., Zhang, Y., Han, J., Sun, Z., Zhou, S., Zhao, W.-T., & Wang, L. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.01.006 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, the nerve growth factor (NGF) promoted pro-survival in ischemic cardiomyocytes and diabetic isolated hearts [63].”
BackgroundIgnacio, D., Fortunato, R. S., Louzada, R. A. N., Silvestre, D. H., Nigro, M., Frankenfeld, T. G. P., Werneck‐de‐Castro, J. P., & de Carvalho, D. P. (2012) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1314875 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Renes, J., Rosenow, A., Roumans, N. J. T., Noben, J., & Mariman, E. C. M. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.023 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In in vitro assays, a low-calorie diet triggered changes in the secretome of human adipocytes by decreasing secretion of WATreleased pro-inflammatory adipokines [70] (Fig.”
BackgroundHenderson, D. C., Fan, X., Sharma, B., Copeland, P. M., Borba, C. P. C., Freudenreich, O., Cather, C., Evins, A. E., & GOFF, D. C. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000358312.99233.ef · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Health ABC [18] and Cardiovascular Health [19] studies demonstrated a positive relationship between VAT and HF, independently of BMI, waist circumference and the waist-hip ratio, as anthropometric surrogates values for predicting VAT accumulation [20].”
BackgroundEffects of Exendin-4 on human adipose tissue inflammation and ECM remodelling
Pastel, E., Joshi, S., Knight, B., Liversedge, N., Ward, R., & Kos, K. (2016) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2016.44 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“GLP-1R at the VAT and subcutaneous stores was found elevated in obese and T2DM patients with insulin resistance, where it participated in the overexpression of adiponectin [117, 118].”
BackgroundMaghbooli, Z., & Hossein‐Nezhad, A. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/926567 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In this line, a bunch of fortytwo pro-apoptotic genes (including TNFα and p53) were upregulated in EAT from patients with cardiovascular injuries [56].”
BackgroundHigh prevalence of cardiovascular disease in South Asians: Central role for brown adipose tissue?
Boon, M., Bakker, L., van der Linden, R. A. D., van Ouwerkerk, A. F., de Goeje, P. D., Counotte, J., Jazet, I., & Rensen, P. (2015) · Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences · doi:10.3109/10408363.2014.1003634 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In some South Asians populations, the lower amount of BAT can explain their frequent metabolic and cardiovascular disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, T2DM, and dyslipidemia [65].”
BackgroundChun, H., Suh, E., Byun, A. R., Park, H. R., & Shim, K. W. (2015) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-015-0210-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Severe Brown Fat Lipoatrophy Aggravates Atherosclerotic Process in Male Mice
Gómez‐Hernández, A., Beneit, N., Escribano, Ó., Díaz-Castroverde, S., García-Gómez, G., Fernández, S., & Benito, M. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2016-1148 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Non‐pharmacological stimulation of BAT Supraclavicular BAT was associated with less obesity and a more favourable metabolic profile in patients with cardiovascular diseases [77], meanwhile severe BAT lipoatrophy aggravated the atherosclerotic process in insulin receptor knockout mice [78].”
BackgroundDietary factors evoke thermogenesis in adipose tissues
Sakamoto, T., Takahashi, N., Goto, T., & Kawada, T. (2014) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.002 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A potential increase of BAT volume and activity has been postulated with dietary compounds such as vitamin-A and fish oil [86], or exercise training [87].”
BackgroundKitterer, D., Latus, J., Henes, J., Birkmeier, S., Backes, M., Braun, N., Sechtem, U. P., Alscher, M. D., Mahrholdt, H., & Greulich, S. (2015) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-015-0289-x · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Also, rheumatic patients treated with steroids, which are known to imitate some effects of metabolic syndrome, develop thickening of EAT [37].”
BackgroundSkårn, S. N., Eggesbø, H. B., Flaa, A., Kjeldsen, S. E., Rostrup, M., Brunborg, C., Reims, H. M., & Aksnes, T. A. (2015) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.027 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“subcutaneous fat volumes, from young towards middle age healthy men [11].”
BackgroundApovian, C., Palmer, K., Fain, R., Perdomo, C., & Rubino, D. (2016) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12690 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dicker, D., Herskovitz, P. I., Katz, M., Atar, E., & Bachar, G. N. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Quintero-Castillo, D., Luz-Araujo, H., Guerra-Velásquez, M., Reyna‐Villasmil, E., Bolívar, J. S., Torres-Cepeda, D., Mejía-Montilla, J., & Reyna-Villasmil, N. (2010) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2010.04.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Metabolic Changes After Roux-N-Y Bariatric Surgery In Hispanics.
de Lamadrid, J. H.-G., Nieves-Rivera, J. J., Mora, L., Corretjer, L., Altieri, P. I., Suárez, A., Banchs, H. L., Muñiz, J., Soto, M. I., Escobales, N., et al. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease
Ormazábal, V., Nair, S., Elfeky, O. W. M., Aguayo, C. R., Salomón, C., & Zuñiga, F. A. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4 · Cited by 2,344 · see citing works
“Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been closely linked to an increasing incidence of insulin resistance [56], T2DM, and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease [59, 60].”
BackgroundPicon-Ruiz, M., Morata-Tarifa, C., Valle-Goffin, J. J., Friedman, E., & Slingerland, J. (2017) · Ca · doi:10.3322/caac.21405 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
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“It has been hypothesized that the action of statins on the inflammatory state in perivascular adipose tissue contributes importantly to the ability of this class of drugs to reduce the risk of coronary atherosclerotic ischemic events (149).”
BackgroundThe effect of dapagliflozin treatment on epicardial adipose tissue volume
Sato, T., Aizawa, Y., Yuasa, S., Kishi, S., Fuse, K., Fujita, S., Ikeda, Y., Kitazawa, H., Takahashi, M., Sato, M., et al. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0658-8 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“In addition, significant weight loss in obese patients has been associated with noteworthy reduction in the EAT volume [23, 24].”
BackgroundObesity cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications
Ren, J. T., Wu, N. N., Wang, S., Sowers, J. R., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2020 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
da Silva, A., Caldas, A., Hermsdorff, H. H., Bersch-Ferreira, Â., Torreglosa, C., Weber, B., & Bressan, J. (2019) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0893-2 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“Also, the overweight is a risk factor for CVD [35], and we showed that the BMI is associated with the TyG index, which is associated with CAD [36].”
BackgroundPerivascular Adipose Tissue Regulates Vascular Function by Targeting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Chang, L., Garcia-Barrio, M. T., & Chen, Y. E. (2020) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.120.312464 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Epicardial fat tissue in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, Y., Liu, B., Li, Y., Jing, X., Deng, S., Yan, Y., & She, Q. (2019) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0807-3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Valaiyapathi, B., Gower, B. A., & Ashraf, A. P. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399814666180608074510 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Adipokines and Inflammation: Focus on Cardiovascular Diseases
Feijóo‐Bandín, S., Aragón‐Herrera, A., Moraña‐Fernández, S., Anido‐Varela, L., Tarazón, E., Roselló‐Lletí, E., Portolés, M., Moscoso, I., Gualillo, O., González‐Juanatey, J. R., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21207711 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) dysfunction is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory adipokines and the infiltration of immune cells and with the decrease in the production of anti-inflammatory adipokines, contributing to the development of metabolic syndrome [18].”
BackgroundTang, Y., Yang, L., Liu, H., Song, Y.-J., Yang, Q.-Q., Liu, Y., Qian, S., & Tang, Q. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111948 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Benefits of Exercise Training in Postmenopausal Hypertension
Lin, Y.-Y., & Lee, S. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19092523 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Myocardial steatosis and accumulation of fat in epicardial adipose tissue enhance the development of insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, all of which also lead to more cardiovascular risk in women after menopause [13,17,18].”
BackgroundSasso, F. C., Pafundi, P. C., Marfella, R., Calabrò, P., Piscione, F., Furbatto, F., Esposito, G., Galiero, R., Gragnano, F., Rinaldi, L., et al. (2019) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0826-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Wu, L., Wang, K., Wang, W., Zheng, W., Wang, P., Liu, L., & Wang, D. W. (2018) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12763 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: a favorable adipose depot for diabetes?
Chen, P., Hou, X., Hu, G., Wei, L., Jiao, L., Wang, H., Chen, S., Wu, J., Bao, Y., & Jia, W. (2018) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0734-8 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Han et al. documented that higher leg fat to total fat ratio was associated with decreased risk of CVD assessed by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk equations [53].”
BackgroundInfluentialWen, Z., Li, J., Fu, Y., Zheng, Y., Ma, M., & Wang, C. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22932 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“emic cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and so on (23,24).”
BackgroundEpicardial adipose tissue: an emerging biomarker of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes?
Christensen, R. H., von Scholten, B. J., Lehrskov, L. L., Rossing, P. R., & Jørgensen, P. G. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018820928824 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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Incretin Hormones in Obesity and Related Cardiometabolic Disorders: The Clinical Perspective
Michałowska, J. M., Miller‐Kasprzak, E., & Bogdański, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020351 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Both animal and human studies showed that GLP-1RA reduces white adipose tissue (WAT) thickness, enhances WAT browning and induces adipocyte hyperplasia [6].”
BackgroundGawalko, M. M., Saljic, A., Li, N., Abu-Taha, I., Jespersen, T., Linz, D., Nattel, S., Heijman, J., Fender, A. C., & Dobrev, D. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac093 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Overexpression of miR‐22 attenuates oxidative stress injury in diabetic cardiomyopathy via Sirt 1
Tang, Q.-H., Len, Q., Liu, Z., & Wang, W. (2017) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/1755-5922.12318 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ragino, Y. I., Stakhneva, E. M., Polonskaya, Y. V., & Kashtanova, E. V. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10030374 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Proteomics of epicardial adipose tissue in patients with heart failure
Zhao, L., Guo, Z., Wang, P., Zheng, M., Yang, X., Liu, Y., Ma, Z., Chen, M., & Yang, X. (2019) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.14758 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Rotkvić, P. G., Planinić, Z., Pršo, A.-M. L., Šikić, J., Galić, E., & Rotkvić, L. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115973 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“It can be protective regarding myocardial stress and inflammation, but in diabetes it becomes dysfunctional, and subjected to the maladaptive adipocyte biology characterized by hypertrophy, increased inflammation, and lipolysis, promoting cardiovascular injuries and myocardial steatosis [96].”
BackgroundVasamsetti, S. B., Natarajan, N., Sadaf, S., Florentin, J., & Dutta, P. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp282728 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…cytokines such as adiponectin in the context of myocardial infarction-induced insulin resistance. hypertension, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance (IR) are associated with the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous fat (Gonzalez et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSalvatore, T., Galiero, R., Caturano, A., Vetrano, E., Rinaldi, L., Coviello, F., Di Martino, A., Albanese, G., Colantuoni, S., Medicamento, G., et al. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12020176 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“More specifically, treatments ameliorating the altered composition and distribution of fat stores may produce the best results [117].”
BackgroundThe evolving view of thermogenic fat and its implications in cancer and metabolic diseases
Yin, X., Chen, Y., Ruze, R., Xu, R., Song, J., Wang, C., & Xu, Q. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01178-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Finally, thermogenic fat can cause a decline in the incidence of CVD and associated adverse events by reducing glucose and lipid levels.(214) According to the characteristics of thermogenic fat, it can be speculated that stimulating the browning of adipose tissue in a specific region can be protective for cardiovascul…”
BackgroundLi, L., Li, R., Zhu, R., Chen, B., Tian, Y., Zhang, H., Xia, B., Jia, Q., Wang, L., Zhao, D., et al. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo01116a · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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SGLT2 Inhibitors: Cardiovascular Benefits Beyond HbA1c—Translating Evidence into Practice
Ali, A., Bain, S. C., Hicks, D., Jones, P. N., Patel, D., Evans, M., Fernando, K., James, J., Milne, N., Viljoen, A., et al. (2019) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-019-0657-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Incretin Hormones, Obesity and Gut Microbiota
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“Several studies show that gastrointestinal hormones, namely incretins, may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of obesity and its comorbidities, as they are responsible for the regulation of body weight, maintenance of energy balance and glucose homeostasis [3,4].”
BackgroundVISCERAL ADIPOSITY AS A GLOBAL FACTOR OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK
Chumakova, G. A., Kuznetsova, Т. Y., Druzhilov, М. A., & Veselovskaya, N. G. (2018) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-5-7-14 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The roles of epicardial adipose tissue in heart failure
Song, Y., Song, F., Wu, C., Hong, Y., & Li, G. (2020) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-020-09997-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Li, C., Qin, D., Hu, J., Yang, Y., Hu, D., & Yu, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.947147 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Since the subcutaneous adipose tissue cannot store excess fat, overloaded fat accumulates, particularly in the visceral adipose tissue (70).”
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Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Cardiovascular Disease
Berg, G. A., Miksztowicz, V., Morales, C., & Barchuk, M. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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Obesity: An emerging driver of head and neck cancer
Wang, K., Yu, X., Tang, Y.-J., Tang, Y., & Liang, X.-H. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116687 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wang, P., Fan, Y., Gao, H., & Wang, B. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111958 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Role of adipokines (omentin and visfatin) in coronary artery disease
Ali, S., Alam, R., Ahsan, H., & Khan, S. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.11.023 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wang, X., Hui, T., Wang, M., Liu, H., Li, R., & Song, Z. (2019) · Oncology Research and Treatment · doi:10.1159/000496548 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Hu, C., Wu, H., Ma, Z., & Tang, Q. (2020) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-020-00557-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“In contrast to the extensive effects of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) on the whole body, epicardial fat is physically next to the myocardium and shares the same microcirculation that is important for cardiac regulation [93].”
BackgroundTranscatheter Bariatric Embolotherapy for Weight Reduction in Obesity
Reddy, V. Y., Neužil, P., Musikantow, D. R., Šrámková, P., Rosen, R. J., Kipshidze, N. N., Kipshidze, N. N., & Fried, M. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.550 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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Eberhard, M., Stocker, D., Meyer, M. F., Kebernik, J., Stähli, B. E., Frauenfelder, T., Maisano, F., Ruschitzka, F. T., Nietlispach, F., Nguyen‐Kim, T. D. L., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.068 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Galmes-Panades, A. M., Konieczna, J., Varela-Mato, V., Abete, I., Babió, N., Fiol, M., Fernández, J. A. D. P., Casas, R. M., Olbeyra, R. P., Ruiz‐Canela, M., et al. (2021) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01847-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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“Especially in patients with coronary artery disease, EAT can release free fatty acid in the proximity of coronaries arteries, which disturbs vascular homeostasis and endothelial function [6].”
BackgroundInfluentialZeller, J., Krüger, C., Lamounier‐Zepter, V., Sag, S. J. M., Strack, C., Mohr, M., Loew, T. H., Schmitz, G., Maier, L. S., Fischer, M., et al. (2019) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12409 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue Composition in Obesity and After Bariatric Surgery
Adami, G. F., Carbone, F., Montecucco, F., Camerini, G. B., & Cordera, R. (2019) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-019-04030-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pregnancy-induced Cardiovascular Pathologies: Importance of Structural Components and Lipids
Aleksenko, L., & Quaye, I. K. (2020) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2020.05.014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hypertension, BMI, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
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“First, adipokines are highly deregulated under obesity and may control cardiovascular homeostasis [33,34].”
BackgroundKim, Y. H., Jeong, M.-K., Park, H., & Park, S. K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18062935 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wingo, B. C., Young, H., & Motl, R. W. (2017) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.10.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chiu, Y., Chou, W.-L., Ko, M.-C., Liao, J.-C., & Huang, T. (2025) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2025.109920 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mariani, S., Giorgio, M. R. D., Rossi, E., Tozzi, R., Contini, S., Bauleo, L., Cipriani, F., Toscano, R., Basciani, S., Bárbaro, G., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113506 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effects of Exendin-4 on human adipose tissue inflammation and ECM remodelling
Pastel, E., Joshi, S., Knight, B., Liversedge, N., Ward, R., & Kos, K. (2016) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2016.44 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Wang, X., Ba, T., Cheng, Y., Zhang, P., & Chang, X. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111285 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cianci, R., Franza, L., Massaro, M. G., Borriello, R., Tota, A., Pallozzi, M., Vito, F., & Gambassi, G. (2022) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867329666220105121124 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mubarik, S., Wang, F., Malik, S. S., Shi, F., Wang, Y., Nawsherwan, N., & Yu, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041367 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Selegiline reduces adiposity induced by high‐fat, high‐sucrose diet in male rats
Nagy, C. T., Koncsos, G., Varga, Z. V., Baranyai, T., Tuza, S., Kassai, F., Ernyey, A. J., Gyertyán, I., Király, K. P., Oláh, A., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14437 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Visceral adiposity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and for diabetes (Gonzalez et al., 2017).”
BackgroundGum Arabic modifies anti-inflammatory cytokine in mice fed with high fat diet induced obesity
Ahmed, A. A., Essa, M. E. A., Mollica, A., Stefanucci, A., Zengin, G., & Ahmed, H. (2020) · Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre · doi:10.1016/j.bcdf.2020.100258 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The genetics of bipolar disorder with obesity and type 2 diabetes
Miola, A., Filippis, E. D., Veldić, M., Ho, A. M., Winham, S. J., Mendoza, M., Romo‐Nava, F., Núñez, N. A., Gardea‐Resendez, M., Prieto, M. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.084 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of Apelin-13 on metabolic diseases and exercise
Wen, R., Huang, R., Xu, K., Cheng, Y., & Yi, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1285788 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Obesity-related hypertension and chronic kidney disease: from evaluation to management
Jung, M., & Ihm, S. (2023) · Kidney Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.23876/j.krcp.23.072 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dai, H., Wang, H., Wang, F., Qian, P., Gao, Q., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-021-01840-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Obesity is an important health problem and is associated with many chronic diseases such as T2DM and cardiovascular diseases [41, 42].”
BackgroundLiraglutide suppresses obesity and promotes browning of white fat via miR-27b in vivo and in vitro
Wang, X., Chen, S., Lv, D., Li, Z., Ren, L., Zhu, H., Xie, X., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/03000605211055059 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Tan, J. T. M., Nankivell, V. A., Bilu, C., Shemesh, T., Nicholls, S. J., Zimmet, P., Kronfeld‐Schor, N., Brown, A. D. H., & Bursill, C. A. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20246291 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Recent data suggest that both body fat distribution and adipocyte phenotype are more likely to increase fatal outcomes in obese patients than a higher general adiposity [2].”
BackgroundHogea, T., Suciu, B. A., Ivănescu, A. D., Carașcă, C., Chinezu, L., Arbănași, E. M., Russu, E., Kaller, R., Arbănași, E. M., Mureșan, A. V., et al. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13010142 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“[36] found that VAT may also be associated with epicardial fat accumulation by secreting lipids, fat factors, and proinflammatory and oxidative factors from adipocytes.”
BackgroundCannabis and Myocardial Infarction: Risk Factors and Pathogenetic Insights.
Lee, J., Sharma, N., Kazi, F., Youssef, I., Myers, A. K., Marmur, J. D., Salifu, M. O., & McFarlane, S. I. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Baloğlu, İ., Türkmen, K., Selçuk, N. Y., Tonbul, H. Z., Özçiçek, A., Hamur, H., Iyısoy, M. S., & Akbaş, E. M. (2019) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-0892-4290 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Petra, C. V., Albu, A., Pamfil, C. A. M., Tamas, M. M., Vesa, Ș. C., & Rednic, S. (2019) · Medical Ultrasonography · doi:10.11152/mu-2001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Therefore, we designed the present study to evaluate and compare these two parameters, along with other CVD risk factors in patients with RA.”
BackgroundInfluentialEpicardial Adipose Tissue—A Novel Therapeutic Target in Obesity Cardiomyopathy
Wiszniewski, K., Grudniewska, A., Szabłowska‐Gadomska, I., Pilichowska‐Paszkiet, E., Zaborska, B., Zgliczyński, W., Dudek, P., Bik, W., Sota, M., & Mrozikiewicz‐Rakowska, B. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167963 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Zheng, J., Ye, X., Song, Y., & Wu, X. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s345507 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Interplay between epicardial adipose tissue, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases
Bornachea, O., Vea, À., & Llorente‐Cortés, V. (2018) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2018.03.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Li, S., Wu, T., Chien, M., Mersmann, H. J., & Chen, C. (2019) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.03.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Adiponectin inhibits D‑gal‑induced cardiomyocyte senescence via AdipoR1/APPL1
Liu, R., Meng, J., & Lou, D. (2021) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2021.12358 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Role of Distinct Fat Depots in Metabolic Regulation and Pathological Implications
Sahu, B., Tikoo, O., Pati, B., Senapati, U., & Bal, N. C. (2022) · Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology · doi:10.1007/112_2022_73 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Karampetsou, N., Tzani, A. I., Doulamis, I. P., Bletsa, E., Minia, A., Pliaka, V., Tsolakos, N., Oikonomou, E. K., Tousoulis, D., Kontzoglou, K., et al. (2021) · Current Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570161119666211029110813 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Homeostasis Mediates Lipotoxicity in the Failing Myocardium
Kretzschmar, T., Wu, J. M. F., & Schulze, P. C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22031498 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Çekici, Y., Kaya, B. C., & Elkan, H. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-05121-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“At the other end of the spectrum, decreased VAT has been associated with a reduction in CVD risk [23].”
BackgroundAnche, P., Maiya, A. G., Kamath, S. U., Shastry, B. A., & Ravishankar, R. (2020) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399816666200211102917 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) play distinct roles in predicting the risk of cardiovascular complications in diabetes [20, 21].”
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“Numerous cohort studies have shown that VFA, rather than SFA, is closely related to diabetes and cardiovascular events [18, 19].”
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“As a global health challenge, obesity is highly associated with type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), vascular disease, and other complications [1].”
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Relationship between adipose tissue distribution and arterial stiffness in HFpEF
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- Authors
- González, N., Moreno-Villegas, Z., González-Bris, A., Egido, J., & Lorenzo, Ó.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (ES)
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Lorenzo, Ó.
- Venue
- Cardiovascular Diabetology
- Published
- 2017-04-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-44
- ISSN
- 1475-2840 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5379721
- OpenAlex
- W2604392184
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Cardiovascular Diabetology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Banco de Santander-Universidad Autónoma (CEAL-AL/2015-17)
- Esteve Laboratories (2017)
- ISCarlos III (PI14/00386, PIE13/00051)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- visceral adipose tissue, epicardial adipose tissue, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, adipocyte phenotype, brown adipocytes, adipokines, PPARγ agonists, statins, incretin-based therapy, insulin resistance, heart failure, body fat distribution
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Obesity, Pericardium, Intra-Abdominal Fat, Incretins
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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