The DOI matches its Crossref record; 93 of the 95 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 77 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All”
Open accessAbstract
Background: This is the concluding paper of our 11-paper supplement, “Community health workers at the dawn of a new era”. Methods: We relied on our collective experience, an extensive body of literature about community health workers (CHWs), and the other papers in this supplement to identify the most pressing challenges facing CHW programmes and approaches for strengthening CHW programmes. Results: CHWs are increasingly being recognized as a critical resource for achieving national and global health goals. These goals include achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals of Universal Health Coverage, ending preventable child and maternal deaths, and making a major contribution to the control of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and noncommunicable diseases. CHWs can also play a critical role in responding to current and future pandemics. For these reasons, we argue that CHWs are now at the dawn of a new era. While CHW programmes have long been an underfunded afterthought, they are now front and centre as the emerging foundation of health systems. Despite this increased attention, CHW programmes continue to face the same pressing challenges: inadequate financing, lack of supplies and commodities, low compensation of CHWs, and inadequate supervision. We outline approaches for strengthening CHW programmes, arguing that their enormous potential will only be realized when investment and health system support matches rhetoric. Rigorous monitoring, evaluation, and implementation research are also needed to enable CHW programmes to continuously improve their quality and effectiveness. Conclusion: A marked increase in sustainable funding for CHW programmes is needed, and this will require increased domestic political support for prioritizing CHW programmes as economies grow and additional health-related funding becomes available. The paradigm shift called for here will be an important step in accelerating progress in achieving current global health goals and in reaching the goal of Health for All.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This concluding paper of an 11-paper supplement argues that CHWs are at the dawn of a new era as a foundation of health systems, but national CHW programmes remain constrained by inadequate financing, supplies, compensation, and supervision. It calls for sustainable domestic and donor investment, stronger political support, and rigorous monitoring, evaluation, and implementation research to achieve UHC and Health for All.
Key findings
- In 29 national CHW programme case studies, the most frequently cited challenges were lack of supplies and commodities (20 programmes), inadequate/unstable/unsustainable financing (20), low compensation of CHWs (17), and inadequate supervision (15).
- Only 2.5% of global public health donor assistance over the past decade was devoted specifically to CHW programmes, and two thirds of this was for vertical programmes related to HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, reproductive health, or family planning.
- Modelling cited in the paper estimates that raising population coverage of evidence-based maternal-child interventions deliverable by CHWs to 90% in the 74 countries with 97% of child and maternal mortality could avert an additional 2.6 million maternal and child deaths each year.
- CHWs are increasingly recognized as critical for UHC, ending preventable child and maternal deaths, controlling HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and noncommunicable diseases, and responding to pandemics; Brazil’s programme is cited as assigning 150–200 households per CHW for a comprehensive life-course approach.
Methods
- This is the concluding paper of the 11-paper supplement “Community health workers at the dawn of a new era”; the authors relied on their collective experience, an extensive body of CHW literature, and the other papers in the supplement to identify pressing challenges and strengthening approaches.
- The paper draws on the 2014 CHW Reference Guide, WHO guidelines on CHW programmes, and a compendium of 29 national CHW programme case studies; Table 2 summarizes challenges cited by the case study authors.
- It is a narrative synthesis/commentary rather than a new empirical study; no primary data collection or systematic review methods are described.
Limitations
- Stated: the suggestions are “not intended to be definitive,” and the authors welcome further ideas and discussion; Table 2 is not an all-encompassing list, only the most pressing challenges identified by the case study authors.
- Stated: the evidence base lacks rigorous research on CHW programme effectiveness at scale under routine conditions; large-scale randomized controlled trials cannot provide the needed evidence, and more implementation research is required.
- Evident: as a concluding commentary/synthesis, the paper presents no original empirical data or formal systematic search methods, so its conclusions rely on cited literature and expert judgment.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
48 Not checked yet · 25 Own interpretation · 3 Supported so far · 3 Partly supported · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Evidence of the effectiveness of adequately trained and supported CHWs in providing quality health services and improving population health continues to grow [13, 20–23].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
- Not checked yetcites [20] Perry HB, editor. Engaging communities for improving mothers’ and children’s health: reviewing the evidence of effectiveness in resource-constrained settings. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Global Health Society; 2017.
- Supportedcites [21] Black RE, Taylor CE, Arole S, Bang A, Bhutta ZA, Chowdhury AMR, Kirkwood BR, Kureshy N, Lanata CF, Phillips JF, et al. Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community-based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health: 8. Summary and recommendations of the Expert Panel. J Glob Health. 2017;7:010908. source
The Results section on community engagement says evidence of effectiveness continues to grow and that community-level workers have improved maternal, neonatal and child health and other health priorities. The Results recommendations call for training, support and supervision so these workers can perform appropriate health tasks; the strategies section describes community case management and treatment with appropriate medications. Together, these support the citing sentence’s broad summary. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [22] Lewin S, Munabi-Babigumira S, Glenton C, Daniels K, Bosch-Capblanch X, van Wyk BE, Odgaard-Jensen J, Johansen M, Aja GN, Zwarenstein M, Scheel IB. Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;3:4015.
- Not checked yetcites [23] Glenton C, Scheel IB, Lewin S, Swingler GH. Can lay health workers increase the uptake of childhood immunisation? Systematic review and typology. Trop Med Int Health. 2011;16:1044–53. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A review of community-based PHC in improving maternal, neonatal, and child health [20] identified four strategies for which there is good evidence of effectiveness:home visitation,participatory women’s groups,community case management of childhood illness, andprovision of outreach services by mobile health teams [112].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion > Change our mental models, giving greater recognition to CHWs and communities as central components of health systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Perry HB, editor. Engaging communities for improving mothers’ and children’s health: reviewing the evidence of effectiveness in resource-constrained settings. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Global Health Society; 2017.
- Supportedcites [112] Perry HB, Sacks E, Schleiff M, Kumapley R, Gupta S, Rassekh BM, Freeman PA. Comprehensive review of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of community-based primary health care in improving maternal, neonatal and child health: 6 strategies used by effective projects. J Glob Health. 2017;7:010906. source
The Results identify the four intervention-delivery strategies named in the claim. The Discussion describes them as important for improving maternal, neonatal and child health in high-mortality, resource-constrained settings, and the Conclusions say the review's evidence supports their effectiveness. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We also know that CHWs can have important impacts in the midst of humanitarian disasters [76, 77].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > How can national CHW programmes be strengthened? > How can we develop stronger CHW programming in fragile states and in the context of humanitarian disasters and epidemics/pandemics?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [76] Horton A, Silwal R, Simkhada P. A survey study on the role of Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) in Nepal, during and following the 2015 earthquakes. Int J Disast Risk Red. 2020;48:101583. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (section 3.2.1) report that all surveyed FCHVs provided assistance during or after Nepal’s 2015 earthquakes, most commonly first aid. Section 4.3 calls their first-aid and mental-health responses important, but explicitly says the study could not measure their effect. The paper therefore supports an important disaster-response role, not a demonstrated impact. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Supportedcites [77] Miller NP, Ardestani FB, Dini HS, Shafique F, Zunong N. Community health workers in humanitarian settings: Scoping review. J Glob Health. 2020;10:20602. source
The Results (Emergency response activities; page not provided) describe CHWs carrying out critical work during earthquakes, floods, and disease outbreaks. The review reports that CHWs’ case finding and education campaign during a cholera outbreak were seen as key to reducing mortality, supporting the claim that they can have important impacts during humanitarian disasters. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We know that fragile states and areas with armed conflict have higher levels of collateral mortality (especially for mothers and children) [74, 75] and that with adequate support, CHW programming is possible even when health facility functioning is compromised.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > How can national CHW programmes be strengthened? > How can we develop stronger CHW programming in fragile states and in the context of humanitarian disasters and epidemics/pandemics?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [74] Wagner Z, Heft-Neal S, Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Burke M, Bendavid E. Armed conflict and child mortality in Africa: a geospatial analysis. Lancet. 2018;392:857–65. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Findings report higher infant mortality near armed conflict, and the Conclusions describe an indirect toll on children. The Discussion suggests possible harms to maternal health and care, but the paper does not establish higher maternal mortality or assess fragile states as a category. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [75] Wagner Z, Heft-Neal S, Wise PH, Black RE, Burke M, Boerma T, Bhutta ZA, Bendavid E. Women and children living in areas of armed conflict in Africa: a geospatial analysis of mortality and orphanhood. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7:e1622–31. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report increased mortality among women exposed to nearby armed conflict, including an 11% increase in maternal deaths. The Discussion says some deaths may be indirectly related to combat, but also identifies violence-related deaths as an important contributor. The paper measures orphanhood rather than child mortality in its own analysis, and it does not assess fragile states generally (section labels provided; page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.86)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“Inadequate supervision | 15 | Brazil (ASC-agent); Ethiopia (HEW, WDA); India (ANM, AWW, SAHA, VHG); Mozambique (APE); Niger (ASC, RV); Rwanda (Binome; ASM); South Africa (WBPHCOT); Zambia (CH-assistant, CBV)”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Current challenges facing national CHW programmes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plainn = 29- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 case studies in the compendium are representative enough of national CHW programmes generally that the challenges they report reflect the challenges facing national CHW programmes broadly.
In the paper
“Despite this increased attention, CHW programmes continue to face the same pressing challenges: inadequate financing, lack of supplies and commodities, low compensation of CHWs, and inadequate supervision.”
- Also stated in: § Current challenges facing national CHW programmes · plain
“the most commonly cited challenges were (1) inadequate programme financing, (2) interruptions in the supply chain for basic supplies, commodities, and medicines, (3) inadequate remuneration of CHWs, and (4) inadequate or poor-quality supervision.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 case studies in the compendium are representative enough of national CHW programmes generally that the challenges they report reflect the challenges facing national CHW programmes broadly.
- Rests on an assumption: The authors of the case studies correctly identified the most pressing challenges for their programmes.
- Also stated in: § Current challenges facing national CHW programmes · plain
In the paper
“Despite this increased attention, CHW programmes continue to face the same pressing challenges: inadequate financing, lack of supplies and commodities, low compensation of CHWs, and inadequate supervision.”
- Also stated in: § Current challenges facing national CHW programmes · plain
“the most commonly cited challenges were (1) inadequate programme financing, (2) interruptions in the supply chain for basic supplies, commodities, and medicines, (3) inadequate remuneration of CHWs, and (4) inadequate or poor-quality supervision.”
- Also stated in: § Current challenges facing national CHW programmes · plain
“The four most frequently seen challenges concern the supply chain for key programme commodities used by CHWs, programme financing, CHW compensation, and supervision.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 case studies in the compendium are representative enough of national CHW programmes generally that the challenges they report reflect the challenges facing national CHW programmes broadly.
- Rests on an assumption: The authors of the case studies correctly identified the most pressing challenges for their programmes.
- Also stated in: § Current challenges facing national CHW programmes · plain
In the paper
“Despite this increased attention, CHW programmes continue to face the same pressing challenges: inadequate financing, lack of supplies and commodities, low compensation of CHWs, and inadequate supervision.”
- Also stated in: § Current challenges facing national CHW programmes · plain
“the most commonly cited challenges were (1) inadequate programme financing, (2) interruptions in the supply chain for basic supplies, commodities, and medicines, (3) inadequate remuneration of CHWs, and (4) inadequate or poor-quality supervision.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 case studies in the compendium are representative enough of national CHW programmes generally that the challenges they report reflect the challenges facing national CHW programmes broadly.
- Rests on an assumption: The authors of the case studies correctly identified the most pressing challenges for their programmes.
- Also stated in: § Current challenges facing national CHW programmes · plain
In the paper
“Lack of supplies and commodities | 20 | Ethiopia (HEW, WDA); India (ANM, AWW, ASHA, VHG); Kenya (CHW); Liberia (CHA, CHSS); Malawi (CHW); Mozambique (APE); Niger (ASC, RV); Rwanda (Binome, ASM); Sierra Leone (CHW); South Africa (WBPHCOT); Zambia (CHA, CBV); Zimbabwe (VHW)”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Current challenges facing national CHW programmes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plainn = 29- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 case studies in the compendium are representative enough of national CHW programmes generally that the challenges they report reflect the challenges facing national CHW programmes broadly.
In the paper
“Inadequate, unstable, or unsustainable financing | 20 | Brazil (ASC Agent); Ghana (CHO, CHV); Indonesia (Kader); Liberia (CHA, CHSS); Malawi (CHW); Mozambique (APE); Myanmar (AMW, CHW, MV, TBV, TBA), Pakistan (LHW); Rwanda (Binome, ASM); Sierra Leone (CHW); South Africa (WBPHCOT); Tanzania (CHW); Zimbabwe (VHW)”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Current challenges facing national CHW programmes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plainn = 29- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 case studies in the compendium are representative enough of national CHW programmes generally that the challenges they report reflect the challenges facing national CHW programmes broadly.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“On a broader scale, we are in the midst of a process some are calling “the third global health transition” [31] or “a grand convergence” [32]—emerging from a demographic transition (from higher to lower death and birth rates) into an epidemiologic transition (from a high burden of maternal and child conditions and communicable diseases to noncommunicable diseases [NCDs]).”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Rodin J, de Ferranti D. Universal health coverage: the third global health transition? Lancet. 2012;380:861–2. source
- Supportedcites [32] Jamison DT, Summers LH, Alleyne G, Arrow KJ, Berkley S, Binagwaho A, Bustreo F, Evans D, Feachem RG, Frenk J, et al. Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation. Lancet. 2013;382:1898–955. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As noted above, proposals have also been made to establish a permanent CHW cadre in the United Kingdom [28].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion > Change our mental models, giving greater recognition to CHWs and communities as central components of health systems
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] Haines A, de Barros EF, Berlin A, Heymann DL, Harris MJ. National UK programme of community health workers for COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020;395:1173–5. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The main text (page not provided) proposes a UK CHW programme with the potential to become a long-term model of care and discusses a future scaled workforce. It frames the immediate proposal as an emergency response to COVID-19, however, and does not explicitly propose a permanent cadre. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developing, expanding, and strengthening national CHW programmes represent promising approaches to accelerating progress in achieving the global health goals of Universal Health Coverage, ending preventable child and maternal deaths, and achieving “Health for All”.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Key implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar proposals are emerging in the United States [29, 30].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Waters R. Community Workers Lend Human Connection To COVID-19 Response. Health Aff (Millwood). 2020;39:1112–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Goldfield NI, Crittenden R, Fox D, McDonough J, Nichols L, Lee Rosenthal E. COVID-19 crisis creates opportunities for community-centered population health: community health workers at the center. J Ambul Care Manage. 2020;43:184–90. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is growing recognition of the need for fair remuneration for full- and part-time CHWs.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CHWs need to be understood as the foundation of PHC as well as an increasingly important component of health systems in settings where delivery or equity gaps are present.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, it is fair to say, particularly in resource-constrained, high-mortality settings, there can be no PHC without CHWs.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While CHW programmes have long been an underfunded afterthought, they are now front and centre as the emerging foundation of health systems.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, the pandemic has led to a call for the creation of a CHW cadre in the United Kingdom that would continue, for the foreseeable future, to link all households with a CHW who can assist in addressing health needs in the household [28].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Haines A, de Barros EF, Berlin A, Heymann DL, Harris MJ. National UK programme of community health workers for COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020;395:1173–5. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Countries that have been making the strongest gains in population health outcomes have strong CHW programmes; Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Nepal, and Rwanda are prominent examples [25].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Community Health Workers. https://www.exemplars.health/topics/community-health-workers. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CHWs can also play a critical role in responding to current and future pandemics.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Results
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a result, Ethiopia became a global leader in attaining the Millennium Development Goals for maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis [16, 17] and in accelerating progress in achieving UHC [17].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Assefa Y, Tesfaye D, Damme WV, Hill PS. Effectiveness and sustainability of a diagonal investment approach to strengthen the primary health-care system in Ethiopia. Lancet. 2018;392:1473–81. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Assefa Y, Gelaw YA, Hill PS, Taye BW, Van Damme W. Community health extension program of Ethiopia, 2003–2018: successes and challenges toward universal coverage for primary healthcare services. Global Health. 2019;15:24. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The result is that the pandemic has led to calls throughout the world for CHWs to receive the proper respect and status that they deserve, not to mention the personal protective equipment they need to safely carry out their duties [27].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Community health workers are crucial to pandemic response. How to support them. https://theconversation.com/community-health-workers-are-crucial-to-pandemic-response-how-to-support-them-134908. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a steady but persistently increasing professionalization of CHW roles.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of national political support and sustainable funding (from both domestic and donor sources) for national CHW programmes is perhaps the most critical challenge facing these programmes.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Key findings
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 29 case studies in the compendium are representative enough of national CHW programmes generally that the challenges they report reflect the challenges facing national CHW programmes broadly.
- Rests on an assumption: The authors of the case studies correctly identified the most pressing challenges for their programmes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A comprehensive approach is needed since the effectiveness of the whole programme is dependent on how well each component of the system is functioning; addressing one component without consideration of the other components is not likely to improve programme effectiveness.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We outline approaches for strengthening CHW programmes, arguing that their enormous potential will only be realized when investment and health system support matches rhetoric.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Results
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A role also remains for voluntary CHWs, who can make important contributions as long as they are not be expected to work more than a few hours per week or perform the role of regular full- or part-time workers.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For these reasons, we argue that CHWs are now at the dawn of a new era.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is also an emerging dual cadre of CHWs in which professionalized CHWs are supervising lower tiers of CHWs, who are often volunteers responsible for a small number of households.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CHWs are increasingly being recognized as a critical resource for achieving national and global health goals.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“These goals include achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals of Universal Health Coverage, ending preventable child and maternal deaths, and making a major contribution to the control of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and noncommunicable diseases.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
In the paper
“BRAC’s2 CHW health programmes in Bangladesh reach over 100 million people and another 20 million people in other countries [88].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > How can national CHW programmes be strengthened? > What are the most appropriate roles for NGOs in CHW programming?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Chowdhury A, Perry H. NGO Contributions to Community Health and Primary Health Care: Case Studies on BRAC (Bangladesh) and the Comprehensive Rural Health Project, Jamkhed (India). In Oxford Research Encyclopedia, Global Public Health. New York: Oxford University Press USA; 2020.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An expansion of the six WHO building blocks has been proposed that highlights community-based service delivery as well as community mobilizing and organization, with attention to nontraditional health system components such as social capital, inter-sectoral partnerships, local governance, equitable financing, community information and data systems, and household production of health [101].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion > Change our mental models, giving greater recognition to CHWs and communities as central components of health systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Sacks E, Morrow M, Story WT, Shelley KD, Shanklin D, Rahimtoola M, Rosales A, Ibe O, Sarriot E. Beyond the building blocks: integrating community roles into health systems frameworks to achieve health for all. BMJ Glob Health. 2018;3:e001384. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“NGOs sometimes operate their own CHW programmes separate from government CHW programmes, while others are working hard to assist the government in strengthening government CHW programmes [89].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > How can national CHW programmes be strengthened? > What are the most appropriate roles for NGOs in CHW programming?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Walker PR, Downey S, Crigler L, LeBan K. CHW “Principles of Practice”: Guiding principles for non-governmental organizations and their partners for coordinated national scale-up of community health worker programs. Washington: CORE Group/World Vision International; 2013. p. 21.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence needs to come from comprehensive, critical programme case studies and from investigations not only on what works but also on what conditions are required for such programmes to perform well (including health system requirements) [13].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion > Change our mental models, giving greater recognition to CHWs and communities as central components of health systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Follow the recommendations of the 2018 WHO guidelines and focus research on (1) CHW selection, education, and certification, (2) management and supervision, and (3) integration into and support by health systems and communities [12].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > How can national CHW programmes be strengthened? > What are priority areas for CHW research and programme performance assessment?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] WHO guideline on health policy and system support to optimize community health worker programmes. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275474/9789241550369-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In its guidelines for health policy and system support to optimize CHW programmes, WHO noted that although there is a rich body of literature on CHW programming, there is a striking lack of rigorous research on CHW programme effectiveness that can provide practical guidance on programme implementation [12].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion > Change our mental models, giving greater recognition to CHWs and communities as central components of health systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] WHO guideline on health policy and system support to optimize community health worker programmes. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275474/9789241550369-eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are unprecedented new technologies, tools, and programmatic approaches which offer the prospect of increasing the effectiveness of CHWs, provided they are giving appropriate training and support.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hazel et al. [109] have documented the disappointing results of evaluations of CHW programmes that employed integrated community case management (iCCM) for childhood illness in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Malawi regarding the quality of care provided by CHWs, the low utilization of their services, the low population coverage of CHW services, and the absence of a demonstrated impact on mortality.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion > Change our mental models, giving greater recognition to CHWs and communities as central components of health systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Hazel E, Bryce J. IIP-JHU ICCM Evaluation Working Group: On bathwater, babies, and designing programs for impact: evaluations of the integrated community case management strategy in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94:568–70. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The global experience and the scientific evidence are unequivocal: CHWs are among the most cost-effective and the most rapidly implementable approaches to improve the health of underserved populations.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each case study has at least one author who has personal in-country experience with the programme described, and each follows a common format to facilitate comparisons across cases.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Current challenges facing national CHW programmes
plainn = 29- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Community case management of childhood illness, using proactive frequent home visitation, has shown promising results as a strategy for reducing under-five mortality in Mali and for improving access to care in Senegal, in which CHWs are well supplied with the medicines they need [43, 44].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion > Change our mental models, giving greater recognition to CHWs and communities as central components of health systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Johnson AD, Thiero O, Whidden C, Poudiougou B, Diakite D, Traore F, Samake S, Kone D, Cisse I, Kayentao K. Proactive community case management and child survival in periurban Mali. BMJ Glob Health. 2018;3:e000634. source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Gaye S, Kibler J, Ndiaye JL, Diouf MB, Linn A, Gueye AB, Fall FB, Ndiop M, Diallo I, Cisse M, et al. Proactive community case management in Senegal 2014–2016: a case study in maximizing the impact of community case management of malaria. Malar J. 2020;19:166. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NGOs have been global leaders in community health research and innovative program development [90].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > How can national CHW programmes be strengthened? > What are the most appropriate roles for NGOs in CHW programming?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Ballard M, Schwarz R. Employing practitioner expertise in optimizing community healthcare systems. Healthcare (Amst). 2019;7:100334. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The findings, summarized in Table 2, provide a realistic, grounded view of the constraints under which such programmes are currently functioning.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Current challenges facing national CHW programmes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. [https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00WKKN.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CHW programmes rely on support from their nearest facilities, and without adequately functioning facilities, patients referred by CHWs will not be able to receive proper care, thereby undermining CHW programme functioning.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Discussion > Change our mental models, giving greater recognition to CHWs and communities as central components of health systems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“NGOs have been global leaders in pioneering the development and implementation of programmes, in community engagement, and in the research and development components of community-based PHC [87, 88].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > How can national CHW programmes be strengthened? > What are the most appropriate roles for NGOs in CHW programming?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Perry HB, Rohde J. The Jamkhed comprehensive rural health project and the Alma-Ata vision of primary health care. Am J Public Health. 2019;22:e1–6.
- Not checked yetcites [88] Chowdhury A, Perry H. NGO Contributions to Community Health and Primary Health Care: Case Studies on BRAC (Bangladesh) and the Comprehensive Rural Health Project, Jamkhed (India). In Oxford Research Encyclopedia, Global Public Health. New York: Oxford University Press USA; 2020.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The potential for CHWs and for community engagement, more broadly, to serve as an integral component of PHC exceeds what can be achieved by facility-based care alone. This is true not only for ending preventable child and maternal deaths, but also for better controlling NCDs.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, there are now calls throughout the world for CHWs to be appropriately supported (and protected) to enable them to play a key frontline role against the pandemic and then, moving forward, a key part of the foundation of health systems.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: In many countries, CHWs are the frontline of defence against the COVID-19 pandemic.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Calls are being made for the establishment of a national CHW cadre in the United Kingdom [28] and for a community health corps in the United States [29, 30] to carry out similar functions—to assist in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic but also to strengthen the health system moving forward and to be able to be better prepared for future pandemics.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Haines A, de Barros EF, Berlin A, Heymann DL, Harris MJ. National UK programme of community health workers for COVID-19 response. Lancet. 2020;395:1173–5. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Waters R. Community Workers Lend Human Connection To COVID-19 Response. Health Aff (Millwood). 2020;39:1112–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Goldfield NI, Crittenden R, Fox D, McDonough J, Nichols L, Lee Rosenthal E. COVID-19 crisis creates opportunities for community-centered population health: community health workers at the center. J Ambul Care Manage. 2020;43:184–90. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By enabling national CHW programmes to reach their full potential, they in turn can lead the way toward accelerating progress in reducing inequities in health and achieving health for all.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In many countries, CHWs are the frontline of defence against the COVID-19 pandemic.
In the paper
“With the availability of local data, local forums for sharing data, and local multi-sectoral stakeholder engagement, [such technical] solutions will work better and deliver more” [119].”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Sherry M, Ghaffar A, Bishai D. Community platforms for health inferventions. In: Jamison D, Gelband H, Horton S, Jha P, Laxminarayan R, Mock C, Nugent R, editors. Disease control priorities: improving health and reducing poverty. Washington: The World Bank; 2018. p. 267–83.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A strong commitment by governments to community health initiatives, including CHW programming, will give a major boot at this critical moment will encourage donors and technical support organizations to follow suit.”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“without initiatives to help community health platforms flourish around the world, the health gains promised by [specific evidence-based technical] interventions will cost more and deliver less….”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Sherry M, Ghaffar A, Bishai D. Community platforms for health inferventions. In: Jamison D, Gelband H, Horton S, Jha P, Laxminarayan R, Mock C, Nugent R, editors. Disease control priorities: improving health and reducing poverty. Washington: The World Bank; 2018. p. 267–83.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 29 case studies in the compendium are representative enough of national CHW programmes generally that the challenges they report reflect the challenges facing national CHW programmes broadly.
“The studies look at a mix of CHW types, from the more professionalized end of the spectrum to less formalized volunteer CHW programmes. The programmes described are drawn from diverse regions and from both low-income and middle-income countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The authors of the case studies correctly identified the most pressing challenges for their programmes.
“What Table 2 provides is a listing of those that were considered by the authors of the case studies to be the most pressing challenges for that programme.”
The paper relies on this without support.
With adequate support, CHW programming is possible even when health facility functioning is compromised.
“We know that fragile states and areas with armed conflict have higher levels of collateral mortality (especially for mothers and children) [74, 75] and that with adequate support, CHW programming is possible even when health facility functioning is compromised.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NGOs and their donors have sometimes undercut government leadership, pressured governments to pursue fragmented, disease-specific projects, and instituted approaches damaging to national health systems in the longer term.
“However, NGOs and their donors have sometimes undercut government leadership, pressured governments to pursue fragmented, disease-specific projects, and have instituted approaches that have been damaging to national health systems in the longer term.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In Afghanistan and South Sudan, among other countries, the government contracts with NGOs to run its national CHW programme.
“In Afghanistan and South Sudan, among other countries, the government contracts with NGOs to run its national CHW programme.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ethiopia and Brazil are struggling with task overload, burnout, and career (de)motivation for CHWs.
“Ethiopia and Brazil are struggling with these issues and provide a good example of how these issues might be addressed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research on CHWs in urban settings is quite limited at present.
“Build the evidence base on the role of CHWs in urban settings. Research in the area is quite limited at present.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lack of mutual support among health workers has hindered effectiveness of CHW programmes.
“We need to build mutual support and collaboration among health workers, the lack of which has hindered effectiveness of CHW programmes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many countries, professional associations of nurses and physicians have opposed the introduction of CHW programmes as well as efforts to delegate authority to CHWs to manage dispensing medication.
“In many countries, professional associations of nurses and physicians have opposed the introduction of CHW programmes as well as efforts to delegate authority to CHWs to manage dispensing medication (e.g., childhood pneumonia and malaria).”
The paper relies on this without support.
CHW programmes and community health initiatives more broadly remain relatively underdeveloped areas of endeavour in global public health in terms of the number of professionals working to advance the field, investments in expanding the evidence base, and investigations into factors affecting implementation effectiveness at scale.
“At the same time, it is necessary to recognize that CHW programmes and community health initiatives more broadly remain relatively underdeveloped areas of endeavour in global public health in terms of (1) the number of professionals working to advance the field, (2) investments in expanding the evidence base, and (3) investigations into the factors affecting implementation effectiveness at scale.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of evidence to guide implementation, and there is a lack of implementation because of a lack of evidence; there is also plenty of evidence that is not being acted upon.
“Too often we find ourselves faced with a dilemma—there is a lack of evidence to guide implementation, and there is a lack of implementation because of a lack of evidence. But there is also plenty of evidence that is not being acted upon.”
The paper relies on this without support.
UHC will be required to achieve the SDGs.
“UHC will be required to achieve the SDGs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In many countries, CHWs are the frontline of defence against the COVID-19 pandemic.
“Furthermore, in many countries, CHWs are the frontline of defence against the COVID-19 pandemic.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
“even greater than the number that can be saved by expanding facility-based services at PHC centres and hospitals”
§ Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” > Background
“(1.7 million versus 2.3 million)”
Citations
Cites
Global trends in emerging infectious diseases
Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L., & Daszak, P. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06536 · Cited by 8,338
Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation
Jamison, D. T., Summers, L. H., Alleyne, G., Arrow, K. J., Berkley, S., Binagwaho, A., Bustreo, F., Evans, D., Feachem, R. G. A., Frenk, J., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62105-4 · Cited by 1,220
Lewin, S. A., Munabi-Babigumira, S. K., Glenton, C., Daniels, K., Bosch‐Capblanch, X., van Wyk, B. E., Odgaard‐Jensen, J., Johansen, M., Aja, G. N., Zwarenstein, M., et al. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004015.pub3 · Cited by 1,030
Self-citationPerry, H. B., Zulliger, R., & Rogers, M. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182354 · Cited by 944
Self-citation[Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation].
Jamison, D. T. T., Summers, L. H., Alleyne, G. A. O., Arrow, K. J., Berkley, S., Binagwaho, A., Bustreo, F., EVANS, D. B., Feachem, R. G., Frenk, J. M., et al. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 940
Prost, A., Colbourn, T., Seward, N., Azad, K., Coomarasamy, A., Copas, A. J., Houweling, T. A. J., Fottrell, E. F., Kuddus, A., Lewycka, S. O., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60685-6 · Cited by 651
van Ginneken, N., Tharyan, P., Lewin, S., Rao, G. N., Meera, S., Pian, J., Chandrashekar, S., & Patel, V. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009149.pub2 · Cited by 575
Self-citationKim, K., Choi, J. S., Choi, E., Nieman, C. L., Joo, J. H., Lin, F. R., Gitlin, L. N., & Han, H. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302987 · Cited by 505
Glenton, C., Colvin, C., Carlsen, B., Swartz, A., Lewin, S., Noyes, J., & Rashidian, A. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010414.pub2 · Cited by 454
Self-citationAssefa, Y., Gelaw, Y. A., Hill, P. S., Taye, B. W., & Van Damme, W. (2019) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-019-0470-1 · Cited by 447
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Perry HB, editor. Engaging communities for improving mothers’ and children’s health: reviewing the evidence of effectiveness in resource-constrained settings. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Global Health Society; 2017.
- Perry H, Morrow M, Davis T, Borger S, Weiss J, DeCoster M, Ricca J, Ernst P. Care Groups II: a summary of the child survival outcomes achieved using volunteer community health workers in resource-constrained settings. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2015;3:370–81. · DOI
- Damtew Z, Lemma S, Zulliger R, Moges A, Teklu A, Perry H. Ethiopia’s Health Extension Program. In: Perry H, editor. Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Washingon: USAID/Maternal and Child Survival Program; 2020. p. 75–86.
- Joardar T, Javadi D, Gergen J, Perry H. The BRAC Shasthya Shebika and Shasthya Kormi Community Health Workers in Bangladesh. In: Perry H, editor. Health for the People: National Community Health Programs from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Washington: USAID/Jhpiego/Maternal and Child Survival Program; 2020.
- Walker PR, Downey S, Crigler L, LeBan K. CHW “Principles of Practice”: Guiding principles for non-governmental organizations and their partners for coordinated national scale-up of community health worker programs. Washington: CORE Group/World Vision International; 2013. p. 21.
- Odendaal W, Anstey Watkins J, Leon N, Daniels K. Health workers’ perceptions and experiences of using mHealth technologies to deliver primary health care services. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;4:987.
- Sherry M, Ghaffar A, Bishai D. Community platforms for health inferventions. In: Jamison D, Gelband H, Horton S, Jha P, Laxminarayan R, Mock C, Nugent R, editors. Disease control priorities: improving health and reducing poverty. Washington: The World Bank; 2018. p. 267–83.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
Self-citationSchleiff, M., Aitken, I. W., Alam, M. A., Damtew, Z. A., & Perry, H. B. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00757-3 · Cited by 164
Self-citationCommunity health workers at the dawn of a new era
Zulu, J. M., & Perry, H. B. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00761-7 · Cited by 128
Self-citationCommunity health workers at the dawn of a new era: 5. Roles and tasks
Glenton, C., Javadi, D., & Perry, H. B. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00748-4 · Cited by 126
Self-citationKodali, P. B. (2023) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s366759 · Cited by 126
Hodgins, S., Kok, M. C., Musoke, D., Lewin, S. A., Crigler, L., LeBan, K., & Perry, H. B. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00752-8 · Cited by 104
Self-citationCommunity health workers at the dawn of a new era: 4. Programme financing
Masis, L., Gichaga, A., Zerayacob, T., Lu, C., & Perry, H. B. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00751-9 · Cited by 95
Self-citationKhatri, R. B., Endalamaw, A., Erku, D., Wolka, E., Nigatu, F., Zewdie, A., & Assefa, Y. A. (2024) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-024-02629-5 · Cited by 67
Perry, H. B., & Hodgins, S. (2021) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00459 · Cited by 65
Self-citationLabour conditions in dual-cadre community health worker programmes: a systematic review
Ballard, M., Olaniran, A., Iberico, M., Rogers, A., Thapa, A., Cook, J., Aranda, Z., French, M., Olsen, H. E., Haughton, J., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00357-1 · Cited by 50
Self-citationHealthcare managerial challenges in rural and underserved areas: A Review
Babawarun, O., Okolo, C. A., Arowoogun, J. O., Adeniyi, A. O., & Chidi, R. (2024) · World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences · doi:10.30574/wjbphs.2024.17.2.0087 · Cited by 34
Evaluation of the Community Health Worker Model for COVID-19 Response and Recovery
Nawaz, S., Moon, K. J., Vazquez, R., Navarrete, J. R., Trinh, A., Escobedo, L., & Montiel, G. I. (2023) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-022-01183-4 · Cited by 28
Gadsden, T., Sujarwoto, S., Purwaningtyas, N. H., Maharani, A., Tampubolon, G., Oceandy, D., Praveen, D., Angell, B. J., Jan, S., & Palagyi, A. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008936 · Cited by 24
Doshmangir, L., Sanadghol, A., Kakemam, E., & Majdzadeh, R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315592 · Cited by 30
D’Ambruoso, L., Abruquah, N. A., Mabetha, D., van der Merwe, M., Goosen, G., Sigudla, J., & Witter, S. (2023) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-023-00853-1 · Cited by 29
Pandya, S., Kan, L., Parr, E., Twose, C., Labrique, A. B., & Agarwal, S. (2024) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-23-00429 · Cited by 22
Kachimanga, C., Zaniku, H. R., Divala, T. H., Ket, J. C. F., Mukherjee, J. S., Palazuelos, D., Kulinkina, A. V., Abejirinde, I. O., & van den Akker, T. (2024) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/55819 · Cited by 37
Motivation and Performance of Community Health Workers: Nothing New Under the Sun, and Yet…
Sarriot, E., Davis, T., Morrow, M., Kabore, T., & Perry, H. B. (2021) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-21-00627 · Cited by 29
Self-citationAgentes Comunitárias de Saúde: o que dizem os estudos internacionais?
Méllo, L. M. B. D. D. E., dos Santos, R. C., & de Albuquerque, P. C. (2023) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232023282.12222022 · Cited by 21
Gebremeskel, A. T., Omonaiye, O., & Yaya, S. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008162 · Cited by 25
Experiences of community health workers on adopting mHealth in rural Malawi: A qualitative study
Kachimanga, C., Mulwafu, M., Ndambo, M. K., Harare, J., Murkherjee, J., Kulinkina, A. V., Mbae, S. M., Ndarama, E. P. L., van den Akker, T., & Abejirinde, I. O. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241253994 · Cited by 23
Wintrup, J. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115257 · Cited by 18
Using telehealth to support community health workers in Uganda during COVID-19: a mixed-method study
Kok, M. O., Terra, T., Tweheyo, R., van der Hoeven, M., Ponce, M. C., van Furth, A. M., & Rutebemberwa, E. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09217-w · Cited by 18
Self-citationPalaniraja, S., Taghavi, K., Kataria, I., Oswal, K. C., Vani, N. V., Liji, A. A., Parekh, H., Isaac, R., Kuriakose, M. A., Swaminathan, R., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22735-y · Cited by 17
Khanthavudh, C., Grealish, A., Tzouvara, V., & Leamy, M. C. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320559 · Cited by 26
Bangladesh: 50 Years of Advances in Health and Challenges Ahead
Perry, H. B., & Chowdhury, A. M. R. (2024) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-23-00419 · Cited by 16
Self-citationPerry, H. B., Stollak, I., & Valdez, M. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01762-w · Cited by 15
Self-citationdos Santos, R. C., da Silva, L. I. M., Santos, L. D. P. D. J., Méllo, L. M. B. D. D. E., & Santos, L. (2023) · Trabalho Educação e Saúde · doi:10.1590/1981-7746-ojs2146 · Cited by 23
Newton-Lewis, T., & Bahety, G. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.11.04060 · Cited by 14
Towards stunting eradication in Indonesia: Time to invest in community health workers
Miranda, A. V., Sirmareza, T., Nugraha, R. R., Rastuti, M., Syahidi, M. H., Asmara, R., & Petersen, Z. (2023) · Public Health Challenges · doi:10.1002/puh2.108 · Cited by 14
Gebremeskel, A. T., Udenigwe, O., Etowa, J. B., & Yaya, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291696 · Cited by 16
Satav, A., Satav, K. A., Bharadwaj, A., Pendharkar, J., Dani, V., Ughade, S. N., Raje, D., & Simões, E. A. F. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008909 · Cited by 14
Community health workers: A sustainable health system innovation or just an emergency response?
Masquillier, C., & Cosaert, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1040539 · Cited by 14
Yoseph, A., Teklesilasie, W., Guillén‐Grima, F., & Astatkie, A. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12101045 · Cited by 14
Community Health Workers: what do international studies tell us?
Méllo, L. M. B. D. D. E., dos Santos, R. C., & de Albuquerque, P. C. (2023) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232023282.12222022en · Cited by 12
Masquillier, C., & Cosaert, T. (2023) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-023-02214-2 · Cited by 14
Ratshidi, L., Grobbelaar, S. S. S., & Botha, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148930 · Cited by 9
Garg, S., Dewangan, M., Patel, K., Krishnendhu, C., & Nanda, P. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-03993-4 · Cited by 9
Katzen, L. S., Skeen, S., Dippenaar, E., Laurenzi, C. A., Notholi, V., le Roux, K., Roux, I. L., Waluwalu, N., Mbewu, N., Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., et al. (2024) · Discover Health Systems · doi:10.1007/s44250-023-00064-4 · Cited by 7
Chong, J. H. S., Chee, J. Y., Goh, Z. Z. S., Lee, H. H., Chee, T. G., Tan, E. X. X., Phan, P., & Yap, A. U. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20409-9 · Cited by 9
Gopalakrishnan, L., Patil, S. R., Fernald, L. C. H., Walker, D. M., & Diamond‐Smith, N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0326971 · Cited by 6
Katzen, L. S., Reid, S., Laurenzi, C. A., & Tomlinson, M. (2024) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-024-02523-0 · Cited by 6
Zoschke, I. N., Betancur, A., Ehsan, S., TenHacken, J. D., Rahman, J. R., King-Tezino, K., Kramer-Najjar, M., Bravo, C. A., & Wilkerson, J. M. (2023) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399231201131 · Cited by 6
Buthelezi, U. E., van Rensburg, A. J., Moshabela, M., Luvuno, Z., Kathree, T., Bhana, A., & Petersen, I. (2025) · SSM - Health Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ssmhs.2025.100089 · Cited by 8
Kuhlmann, E., Lotta, G., Burau, V., Correia, T., Falkenbach, M., Ungureanu, M., Wallenburg, I., Williams, G. A., & Lehmann, U. (2025) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105541 · Cited by 5
Apers, H., & Masquillier, C. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12232348 · Cited by 5
Morey, B. N., Michelen, M., Phan, M., Cárdenas, S., Foo, M. A., Cantero, P. J., Peralta, S., Chirinos, N., Salazar, R., Montiel, G. I., et al. (2024) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2024.100510 · Cited by 7
Needed: a financing breakthrough at the UN High-level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage
Sachs, J. D., & Perry, H. B. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01924-4 · Cited by 5
Self-citationCollins, D., Griffiths, U. K., Birse, S., Dukhan, Y., Bocoum, F. Y., Driwale, A., Nsona, H., Pfaffmann-Zambruni, J., Dini, H. S., & Gilmartin, C. (2023) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-22-00472 · Cited by 5
Perspectives of community and facility stakeholders on community health workers in rural Malawi
Ndambo, M. K., Aron, M. B., Makungwa, H., Munyaneza, F., Nhlema, B., & Connolly, E. (2024) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v16i1.4199 · Cited by 5
Oo, W. H., Htike, W., Oo, M. C., Phyu, P. P., Win, K. M., Linn, N. Y. Y., Min, T., Htwe, E. P., Zaw, A. K., Thu, K. M., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia · doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100499 · Cited by 5
Contribution and Challenges of Community Health Workers in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
Kurapati, J., & Anitha, C. T. (2022) · National Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.55489/njcm.131220222525 · Cited by 5
Cho, Y., Awoonor‐Williams, J. K., Jun, D., Oh, C. H., & Cha, S. (2023) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2023.2203541 · Cited by 4
Babalola, O., Levin, J. B., Goudge, J., & Griffiths, F. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1180663 · Cited by 4
Phng, F. W. L., Yap, A. U., TEO, W. ‐. K., Chong, J. H. S., Wu, C. X., Tan, E. E. K., Chin, C. H., Chee, T. G., Lee, H. H., Phan, P., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086327 · Cited by 4
Antonio, M. G., Swallow, J. S., Richesson, R., Carethers, C., Coe, A. B., Jahagirdar, D., Huang, Y.-Y., Toscos, T., Flanagan, M., & Veinot, T. C. (2025) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf087 · Cited by 4
Schleiff, M., & Rifkin, S. B. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99967-0.00014-4 · Cited by 4
Akinola, O., Banda, N., Silumbwe, A., Mulubwa, C., Chavula, M. P., Shakwelele, H., Chila, S., & Zulu, J. M. (2025) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-02829-7 · Cited by 3
van Vuuren, C. J., Lowe, Z., & Bodenstein, K. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22050807 · Cited by 2
Song, Q., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15122117 · Cited by 3
Katzen, L. S., Tomlinson, M., Laurenzi, C. A., Waluwalu, Borus, R., & Skeen (2023) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh7690 · Cited by 3
Professionalisation of Community Health Workers: Time for a Formal Contract
Miranda, A. V., Praha, R. D., Sirmareza, T., Aditya, R., Nugraha, R. R., Rastuti, M., Asmara, R., Petersen, Z., & O’Donovan, J. (2025) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3897 · Cited by 3
Ortiz, T. N. B., DeChristofaro, S. C., Cheng, M., & Alegria, M. M. (2025) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000427 · Cited by 3
Pieterse, P., Walsh, A., Chirwa, E. M., Chikalipo, M., Msowoya, C., Mambulasa, J., & Matthews, A. (2023) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13736.1 · Cited by 3
Paolino, M., Antelo, V. S., Cuberli, M., Curotto, M., Pera, A. L., Binder, F., Mazzadi, J. D., Firmenich, B., & Arrossi, S. (2023) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-022-00367-2 · Cited by 2
A case study of healthcare services in Lurwaryizo, Mbhashe Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province
Akunwafor, C., Zuma, M., & Obasanjo, I. (2024) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2024.2418595 · Cited by 2
Assessment of community health workforce governance in federal Nepal
Tikkanen, R. S., Pokhrel, S., Ghimire, U., Neupane, B., Closser, S., & Kumar, B. N. (2025) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czaf088 · Cited by 2
Andriamasy, H. E., Razafimanantsoa, H., Harison, M. T., Raveloarisoa, L., Ravololohanitra, O. G., Randrianirisoa, S. A. N., & Müller, N. (2026) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2025-023393 · Cited by 2
Story, W. T., & Pyle, D. F. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01753-x · Cited by 2
dos Santos, R. C., da Silva, L. I. M., Santos, L. D. P. D. J., Méllo, L. M. B. D. D. E., & Santos, L. (2023) · Trabalho Educação e Saúde · doi:10.1590/1981-7746-ojs2146en · Cited by 2
van der Hoeven, M., van Lettow, M., Boonstra, P., Hoekstra, T., Rutebemberwa, E., Tweheyo, R., & Kok, M. O. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074393 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMahmood, K., & Jan, F. (2024) · Open Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.4236/ojepi.2024.144043 · Cited by 2
Ahissou, N. C. A., Uehara, M., Nonaka, D., Vongphoumy, I., Pongvongsa, T., Ounlienvongsack, K., Phongluxa, K., Kounnavong, S., & Kobayashi, J. (2025) · Tropical Medicine and Health · doi:10.1186/s41182-025-00730-8 · Cited by 2
Bridging the implementation gap in medication adherence. If you build it, will they come?
Hankins, J. S., & Klesges, L. M. (2021) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.17953 · Cited by 2
Misnaniarti, M., Nugraheni, W. P., Nantabah, Z. K., Restuningtyas, F. R., Hartono, R. K., Rachmawati, T., Mubasyiroh, R., & Kusnali, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1146859 · Cited by 1
Community Health Workers: Bridge to Pediatric Mental Health Equity
Nelson, E., Punt, S. E. W., Stiles, R., & Cain, S. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.07.917 · Cited by 1
Kabanda, R., Ocaatre, R. M., Atwine, D., Kim, B., Waiswa, S. E., Kavuma, P. D., Lee, Y., Mutoni, L., Kim, S., Park, Y., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082085 · Cited by 1
Hotopf, I., Amon, S., Baatiema, L., Akweongo, P., & Raven, J. (2026) · SSM - Health Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ssmhs.2026.100174 · Cited by 2
Zelaya, C. M., Baur, C., Seate, A. A., Uriona, D. L., Getrich, C. M., Mattas-Curry, L., & Liu, B. F. (2026) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2026.2697429 · Cited by 1
Does the Index of Child Right Fulfillment Explain the Children’s Wellbeing in Indonesia?
Vebrianna, N. R., Hakim, L., & Putro, T. R. (2024) · International Journal of Current Science Research and Review · doi:10.47191/ijcsrr/v7-i1-17 · Cited by 1
Zawolo, G. V. K., Nyaaba, G. N., Nallo, G. E., Kollie, K., Thomson, R., Raven, J., Theobald, S., & Dean, L. (2024) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-024-01211-w · Cited by 1
Zawolo, G. V. K., Nyaaba, G. N., Nallo, G. E., Kollie, K., Thomson, R., Raven, J., Theobal, S., & Dean, L. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1206036/v1 · Cited by 1
Sam, D. M., Bukirwa, C., & Ekongefeyin, S. N. N. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.19.23295754 · Cited by 1
Katzen, L. S., Skeen, S., Dippenaar, E., Laurenzi, C. A., Notholi, V., le Roux, K., le Roux, I., Waluwalu, N., Mbewu, N., Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3333610/v1 · Cited by 1
Hotopf, I., Amon, S., Baatiema, L., Akweongo, P., & Raven, J. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.05.25323454 · Cited by 1
Kok, M. O., Terra, T., van der Hoeven, M., Ponce, M. C., Tweheyo, R., van Furth, A. M., & Rutebemberwa, E. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.33715
Self-citationTollefson, D., Dasgupta, S., Setswe, G., Reeves, S., Charalambous, S., & Duerr, A. C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294719
Diop, O., Boutet, C., Coulibaly, K., Ba, E. H., Maradan, G., Mora, M., Spire, B., Sokhna, C., & Sagaon‐Teyssier, L. (2026) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-026-01071-1
Elderly Multimorbidity Management at Different Levels
Alharthi, A. H., & Hafiz, A. (2024) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-0675-8.ch005
“It spreads like wildfire”: mothers’ gatherings for vaccine acceptance
de Acosta, D., Moore, T., Alam, F., Hoffman, S. J., Keaveney, M., Mann, E., & Dawson-Hahn, E. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1198108
Empowering community health workers: Navigating opportunities and challenges in a transformative era
Ahmadi, S. A. M. A., Alhejaili, S. E. F., Alraddadii, A. S., Almughathawi, A. S., Al-Shuwayman, A. A., Alsulaiman, A. L., Almzairie, K. A., Al-Shahri, S. B. S. M., Aldawsari, H. F. H., Qahtani, M. M. A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns10.15280
Munyai, N. R., Lowane, M. P., & Kleinhans, A. V. (2024) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445357264241204173053
Botha, S., Kruger, I. M., Rabie, T., & Froneman, K. (2025) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445381167250515092750
STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS IN COMMUNITY-BASED HEALTH INITIATIVES: A CASE STUDY OF AGONA WEST
Ahmed, İ. A. (2025) · Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.47525/ulasbid.1673515
Okafor, U. B., Obasanjo, I., & Goon, D. T. (2025) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s488249
Baskin, C., Westgate, C. C., Shellaby, L., Ballard, M., Rogers, A., Hofmann, R., Raghavan, M., Palazuelos, D., Lindsay, S., Keronyai, P. P., et al. (2025) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017453
Self-citationHeavy on Plans, Light on Delivery: The Structural Failures of Ethiopia's Nutrition Policies
Zerfu, T. A. (2025) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.70073
Ndalama, F., Mulenga, D., Arnzen, A., Akalalambili, S., Tobolo, T., Maluma, C., Chishya, C., Saili, K., Ashton, R. A., Miller, J., et al. (2025) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-025-05503-6
Saminarsih, D. S., Magdalena, C. C., Febianisari, N., Meilissa, Y., Hamid, S. N., Hafizon, M. I., Jundullah, S. M., & Herlinda, O. (2025) · BMC Proceedings · doi:10.1186/s12919-025-00338-0 · Cited by 2
Beggs, B., Brubacher, L. J., Bustos, M., Lau, L. L., Liu, J., & Dodd, W. (2025) · SSM - Health Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ssmhs.2025.100130
Metadata
- Authors
- Perry, H. B., Chowdhury, M., Were, M., LeBan, K., Crigler, L., Lewin, S., Musoke, D., Kok, M., Scott, K., Ballard, M., & Hodgins, S.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- BRAC University (BD)
- Hillsborough Community College (US)
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- Makerere University (UG)
- Royal Tropical Institute (NL)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Perry, Henry B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Health Research Policy and Systems
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- S3
- Pages
- 111-111
- ISSN
- 1478-4505 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8506098
- OpenAlex
- W3206264955
- Semantic Scholar
- de9aa5b44cdad5b043194169404c6d0e21af5e19
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Health Research Policy and Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (ID OPP 1197181)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health Workforce Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare Systems and Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Keywords
- community health workers, health care financing, universal health coverage, Sustainable Development Goals, health for all, pandemic preparedness, monitoring and evaluation, implementation research, global health goals
- MeSH terms
- Child, Community Health Workers, Humans, Motivation, Global Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
