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International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition
Open accessAbstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of diet types (macronutrient composition; eating styles) and their influence on body composition. The ISSN has concluded the following. 1) There is a multitude of diet types and eating styles, whereby numerous subtypes fall under each major dietary archetype. 2) All body composition assessment methods have strengths and limitations. 3) Diets primarily focused on fat loss are driven by a sustained caloric deficit. The higher the baseline body fat level, the more aggressively the caloric deficit may be imposed. Slower rates of weight loss can better preserve lean mass (LM) in leaner subjects. 4) Diets focused primarily on accruing LM are driven by a sustained caloric surplus to facilitate anabolic processes and support increasing resistance-training demands. The composition and magnitude of the surplus, as well as training status of the subjects can influence the nature of the gains. 5) A wide range of dietary approaches (low-fat to low-carbohydrate/ketogenic, and all points between) can be similarly effective for improving body composition. 6) Increasing dietary protein to levels significantly beyond current recommendations for athletic populations may result in improved body composition. Higher protein intakes (2.3-3.1 g/kg FFM) may be required to maximize muscle retention in lean, resistance-trained subjects under hypocaloric conditions. Emerging research on very high protein intakes (>3 g/kg) has demonstrated that the known thermic, satiating, and LM-preserving effects of dietary protein might be amplified in resistance-training subjects. 7) The collective body of intermittent caloric restriction research demonstrates no significant advantage over daily caloric restriction for improving body composition. 8) The long-term success of a diet depends upon compliance and suppression or circumvention of mitigating factors such as adaptive thermogenesis. 9) There is a paucity of research on women and older populations, as well as a wide range of untapped permutations of feeding frequency and macronutrient distribution at various energetic balances combined with training. Behavioral and lifestyle modification strategies are still poorly researched areas of weight management.
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“Potential mechanisms of these results are not fully understood, but may include increased satiety, which drives lower intakes of non-protein macronutrients, increased energy expenditure through exercise- and non-exercise-mediated pathways, decreased de novo lipogenesis, and under-reporting of actual protein intakes, or other factors [104].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The current RDA for protein (0.8 g/kg/day), while generally sufficient to meet the basic protein requirements of healthy, sedentary adults, is unlikely to be optimal – and may be insufficient for preserving or maximizing lean mass and optimizing body composition – in many populations and physiological states, particularly during exercise training, aging, and energy restriction [98–104].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, this idea lacks support from controlled, isocaloric, protein-equated diet comparisons of disparate carbohydrate‒fat proportions, which consistently show no statistically significant fat loss differences between the KD and LFD groups [104,135,148,160,161].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Very‐low‐ and low‐energy intakes (≤ 800 and 1200 kcal/day, respectively), when implemented without clinical supervision or in individuals with pre‐existing nutritional vulnerabilities, may increase the risk of inadequate protein intake, dietary quality, and micronutrient deficiencies [11, 15].”
From Nutrition Strategies for Next‐Generation Incretin Therapies: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Current Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Based on the problematic loss of LBM associated with typical weight loss regimens, recent weight loss studies have focused not just on total weight lost, but also on body composition changes in addition to total weight lost [15].”
From Body Composition Changes in Weight Loss: Strategies and Supplementation for Maintaining Lean Body Mass, a Brief Review (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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“The data on VLFDs are limited, largely consisting of vegan and vegetarian diets that aggressively restrict fat intake [104].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
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“Carbohydrate (or total energy) restriction can raise circulating ketone levels to a range of ~0.5–3 mmol/L [104].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
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“The primary metabolic adaptation to hypoenergetic balance is a decrease (not an increase) in energy expenditure, hence the proposal in a previous publication to re-name this phenomenon adaptive thermoreduction [104].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
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“The 4 components of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and their proportional contributions are as follows [104]: 1)Thermic effect of food (TEF): 8%–15%2)Exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT): 15%–30%3)Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): 15%–50%4)Resting energy expenditure (REE): 60%–70%”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [104]
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Citations
Cites
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Changes in Energy Expenditure Resulting from Altered Body Weight
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Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects
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Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets
Paoli, A., Rubini, A., Volek, J. S., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.116 · Cited by 885
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The Effects of High Protein Diets on Thermogenesis, Satiety and Weight Loss: A Critical Review
Halton, T. L., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719381 · Cited by 822
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- Hooper LAA, 2015, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD011834
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations
Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J. N., Galvan, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y · Cited by 945
Self-citationWilloughby, D., Hewlings, S., & Kalman, D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121876 · Cited by 221
“A VLCD typically includes 400–800 kcalories (kcal)/day and is intended for rapid weight loss [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAthletes’ nutritional demands: a narrative review of nutritional requirements
Amawi, A. T., Alkasasbeh, W. J., Jaradat, M., Almasri, A., Alobaidi, S., Hammad, A. A., Bishtawi, T., Fataftah, B., Turk, N., Saoud, H. A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854 · Cited by 218
Sport Nutrigenomics: Personalized Nutrition for Athletic Performance
Guest, N. S., Horne, J. R., Vanderhout, S. M., & El‐Sohemy, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00008 · Cited by 199
BCAA Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity – Dysregulated by Metabolic Status?
Gannon, N. P., Schnuck, J. K., & Vaughan, R. A. (2018) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700756 · Cited by 169
Metadata
- Authors
- Aragon, A. A., Schoenfeld, B. J., Wildman, R., Kleiner, S., VanDusseldorp, T., Taylor, L., Earnest, C. P., Arciero, P. J., Wilborn, C., Kalman, D. S., Stout, J. R., Willoughby, D. S., Campbell, B., Arent, S. M., Bannock, L., Smith-Ryan, A. E., & Antonio, J.
- Affiliations
- California State University, Northridge (US)
- Lehman College (US)
- Nova Southeastern University (US)
- Kennesaw State University (US)
- University of Mary Hardin–Baylor (US)
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Baylor University (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
- Department of Health and Human PerformanceNova Southeastern University Davie FL USA
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-01-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-16
- ISSN
- 1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5470183
- OpenAlex
- W2623985649
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24
- Type
- conference abstract
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- body composition, macronutrient composition, eating styles, caloric deficit, resistance training, ketogenic diet, low-carbohydrate diet, dietary protein, adaptive thermogenesis, dietary adherence, weight management, feeding frequency
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Societies, Scientific, Caloric Restriction, Resistance Training, Sports Nutritional Sciences
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