International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition

Aragon, Alan A.; Schoenfeld, Brad J.; Wildman, Robert; Kleiner, Susan; VanDusseldorp, Trisha; Taylor, Lem; Earnest, Conrad P.; Arciero, Paul J.; Wilborn, Colin; Kalman, Douglas S.; Stout, Jeffrey R.; Willoughby, Darryn S.; Campbell, Bill; Arent, Shawn M.; Bannock, Laurent; Smith-Ryan, Abbie E.; Antonio, Jose

doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0174-y

Cited by 312Muscle metabolism and nutritionDiet and metabolism studiesDietary Effects on Health

International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition

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Aragon, Alan A., Schoenfeld, Brad J., Wildman, Robert, Kleiner, Susan, VanDusseldorp, Trisha, Taylor, Lem, Earnest, Conrad P., Arciero, Paul J. +9 more·2017·Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

DOI 10.1186/s12970-017-0174-yPMC PMC5470183

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Abstract

Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of diet types (macronutrient composition; eating styles) and their influence on body composition. The ISSN has concluded the following. 1) There is a multitude of diet types and eating styles, whereby numerous subtypes fall under each major dietary archetype. 2) All body composition assessment methods have strengths and limitations. 3) Diets primarily focused on fat loss are driven by a sustained caloric deficit. The higher the baseline body fat level, the more aggressively the caloric deficit may be imposed. Slower rates of weight loss can better preserve lean mass (LM) in leaner subjects. 4) Diets focused primarily on accruing LM are driven by a sustained caloric surplus to facilitate anabolic processes and support increasing resistance-training demands. The composition and magnitude of the surplus, as well as training status of the subjects can influence the nature of the gains. 5) A wide range of dietary approaches (low-fat to low-carbohydrate/ketogenic, and all points between) can be similarly effective for improving body composition. 6) Increasing dietary protein to levels significantly beyond current recommendations for athletic populations may result in improved body composition. Higher protein intakes (2.3-3.1 g/kg FFM) may be required to maximize muscle retention in lean, resistance-trained subjects under hypocaloric conditions. Emerging research on very high protein intakes (>3 g/kg) has demonstrated that the known thermic, satiating, and LM-preserving effects of dietary protein might be amplified in resistance-training subjects. 7) The collective body of intermittent caloric restriction research demonstrates no significant advantage over daily caloric restriction for improving body composition. 8) The long-term success of a diet depends upon compliance and suppression or circumvention of mitigating factors such as adaptive thermogenesis. 9) There is a paucity of research on women and older populations, as well as a wide range of untapped permutations of feeding frequency and macronutrient distribution at various energetic balances combined with training. Behavioral and lifestyle modification strategies are still poorly researched areas of weight management.

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Recent weight loss studies have focused not just on total weight lost, but also on body composition changes.
“Based on the problematic loss of LBM associated with typical weight loss regimens, recent weight loss studies have focused not just on total weight lost, but also on body composition changes in addition to total weight lost [15].”
From Body Composition Changes in Weight Loss: Strategies and Supplementation for Maintaining Lean Body Mass, a Brief Review (2018) · cites this paper as [15]

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[8]Bone J, Ross M, Tomcik K, Jeacocke N, Hopkins W, Burke L. Manipulation of muscle creatine and glycogen changes DXA estimates of body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. 28410328

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Low carbohydrate dietary approaches for people with type 2 diabetes-a narrative review
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Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with increase in fat mass and decrease in lean mass in Brazilian women: A cohort study
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An Updated Systematic Review of Business Accelerators: Functions, Operation, and Gaps in the Existing Literature
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Association between depressive symptoms and dietary intake in patients with type 1 diabetes
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Effects of Consecutive Versus Non-consecutive Days of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Red Blood Cells
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Metabolic impact of protein feeding prior to moderate-intensity treadmill exercise in a fasted state: a pilot study
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A 28-Day Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet Improves Markers of Cardiometabolic Health and Performance in Professional Firefighters
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Effects of Short-Term Low Energy Availability on Metabolism and Performance-Related Parameters in Physically Active Adults
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Weight loss and weight gain among participants in a community-based weight loss Challenge
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Perceptions of appetite do not match hormonal measures of appetite in trained competitive cyclists and triathletes following a ketogenic diet compared to a high-carbohydrate or habitual diet: A randomized crossover trial
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International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction
Aragon, A. A., Campbell, B. I., Schoenfeld Brad, J., Stout, J. R., Kalman, D., Arciero, P. J., Arent, S. M., Kreider, R. B., Taylor, L. W., Bannock, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2740266
Self-citation
Effect of Dietary Protein Intake on Body Composition Changes During Intense Training in an Energy Deficit
Longland, T. M. (2014) · MacSphere (McMaster University) · doi:10.71548/24264
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise
Smith-Ryan, A. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/kabv-7r67
Self-citation
A Systematic Review of Dietary Protein During Caloric Restriction in Resistance Trained Lean Athletes: A Case for Higher Intakes
Helms, E. R., Zinn, C., ROWLANDS, D. S., & Brown, S. R. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0054 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Use of higher-protein diets for body composition improvement in non-obese, active individuals
Case, J. A., & Haub, M. D. (2010) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-s1-p6

Authors: Aragon, A. A., Schoenfeld, B. J., Wildman, R., Kleiner, S., VanDusseldorp, T., Taylor, L., Earnest, C. P., Arciero, P. J., Wilborn, C., Kalman, D. S., Stout, J. R., Willoughby, D. S., Campbell, B., Arent, S. M., Bannock, L., Smith-Ryan, A. E., & Antonio, J.
Affiliations: California State University, Northridge (US)
Lehman College (US)
Nova Southeastern University (US)
Kennesaw State University (US)
University of Mary Hardin–Baylor (US)
University of Central Florida (US)
Baylor University (US)
University of South Florida (US)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
Department of Health and Human PerformanceNova Southeastern University Davie FL USA
ORCID: Aragon, Alan A.
Schoenfeld, Brad J.
Kleiner, Susan
VanDusseldorp, Trisha
Taylor, Lem
Earnest, Conrad P.
Arciero, Paul J.
Kalman, Douglas S.
Stout, Jeffrey R.
Willoughby, Darryn S.
Campbell, Bill
Arent, Shawn M.
Bannock, Laurent
Antonio, Jose
Venue: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2017-01-03
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 16-16
ISSN: 1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0174-y
PMC: PMC5470183
OpenAlex: W2623985649
Cited by: 301
References: 147
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24
Type: conference abstract
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
Keywords: body composition, macronutrient composition, eating styles, caloric deficit, resistance training, ketogenic diet, low-carbohydrate diet, dietary protein, adaptive thermogenesis, dietary adherence, weight management, feeding frequency
MeSH terms: Body Composition, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Societies, Scientific, Caloric Restriction, Resistance Training, Sports Nutritional Sciences

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International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition

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