CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 69Migration, Health and TraumaMental Health Treatment and AccessMigration, Racism, and Human Rights

Mental health and psychosocial support for South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda: a needs and resource assessment

Open access
Adaku, Alex, Okello, James, Lowry, Blakeley, Kane, Jeremy C., Alderman, Stephen, Musisi, Seggane, Tol, Wietse A.·2016·Conflict and Health
DOI 10.1186/s13031-016-0085-6PMC PMC5013642
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Since December 2013, an armed conflict in South Sudan has resulted in the displacement of over 2.2 million people, more than 270,000 of whom are presently in refugee settlements located throughout Uganda. Existing literature suggests that refugees are at increased risk for a range of mental health and psychosocial problems. There is international consensus on the importance of needs and resource assessments to inform potential mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) interventions. METHODS: We conducted a MHPSS needs and resource assessment in Rhino Camp refugee settlement in northern Uganda, between June and August 2014. We followed World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) guidelines for MHPSS needs assessments in humanitarian settings. The assessment used a range of methodologies including: 1) a desk (literature) review to understand the context for mental health service provision; 2) an analysis of data from existing health information systems (HIS); 3) an assessment of the current infrastructure for service provision using a shortened version of a Who does What Where until When (4Ws); and 4) semi-structured individual and group interviews (total n = 86) with key informants (n = 13) and general community members (individual interviews n = 28, four focus groups with n = 45). RESULTS: Data from the HIS indicated that visits to health centers in refugee settlements attributable to psychotic disorders, severe emotional disorders, and other psychological complaints increased following the refugee influx between 2013 and 2014, but overall help-seeking from health centers was low compared to estimates from epidemiological studies. In semi-structured interviews the three highest ranked mental health and psychosocial problems included "overthinking", ethnic conflict, and child abuse. Other concerns included family separation, drug abuse, poverty, and unaccompanied minors. The 4Ws assessment revealed that there were very limited MHPSS services available in Rhino Camp. CONCLUSIONS: The types of MHPSS problems among South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda are diverse and the burden appears to be considerable, yet there are currently few available services. The assessment indicates the need for a range of services addressing social concerns as well as varied types of mental conditions. The idiom of "overthinking" may form a useful starting point for intervention development and mental health communication.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

A WHO-UNHCR-guided mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) needs and resource assessment in Rhino Camp, northern Uganda, found diverse and considerable MHPSS problems among South Sudanese refugees alongside very limited services. “Overthinking,” ethnic conflict, and child abuse were top priorities, while health information system data showed increased visits but overall low help-seeking relative to epidemiological estimates.

Key findings

  • Health Information System data showed increased visits for psychotic disorder, severe emotional disorder, and other psychological complaints after the refugee influx. In Kiryandongo, pre-influx visits were 4.8% psychotic disorder, 1.4% severe emotional disorder, and 0.7% other psychological complaints; during February–July 2014 these rose to 9.6%, 2.4%, and 3.6%, respectively. In Rhino Camp, January–July 2014, 4.2% of visits were for psychotic disorder, 16.7% for severe emotional disorder, and 25% for other psychological complaints. Overall help-seeking from health centers was low compared with estimates from epidemiological studies.
  • The three most highly prioritized MHPSS problems in focus groups were “overthinking” (mentioned in individual interviews by more than half of participants), ethnic conflicts (mentioned by around half), and child abuse (prioritized highly across the four focus groups). Other frequently mentioned concerns included family separation, drug abuse, poverty, and unaccompanied minors.
  • The 4Ws assessment found very limited MHPSS services in Rhino Camp. Available supports included child protection activities, Uganda Red Cross Society psychological first aid between March and July 2014, Medical Teams International structured recreational activities and a psychosocial officer, and PCAF weekly outreaches through four lower-level health centers.
  • PCAF clinical data showed 339 total clients in 2013, of whom 264 (78%) were seen during outreach visits, increasing to 389 patients in 2014, of whom 314 (87%) were seen during community outreaches. Among youth, 93 boys under 18 were enrolled in services in 2014 compared with 71 in 2013.

Methods

  • The assessment was conducted in Rhino Camp refugee settlement in northern Uganda between June and August 2014, following WHO and UNHCR guidelines for MHPSS needs assessments in humanitarian settings.
  • It combined a desk review of over 80 documents; analysis of existing health information systems (PCAF patient database and UNHCR Health Information System); a shortened Who does What Where until When (4Ws) assessment; and semi-structured individual and group interviews with a total n = 86: key informants (n = 13), general community members in individual interviews (n = 28), and four focus groups (n = 45).
  • Qualitative data were analyzed using straightforward content analysis; interviews were conducted in English and Juba Arabic and translated into English, with free listing and ranking of MHPSS problems.

Limitations

  • Stated: limited existing research with South Sudanese populations in the West Nile Region and Rhino Camp specifically, including epidemiological studies, intervention pilots, local idioms of distress, and help-seeking patterns; most existing information came from refugees resettled in developed countries.
  • Stated: the assessment methods were limited in scope and rigor, intended to rapidly inform service provision rather than provide thorough understanding; the qualitative work was exploratory, yielded less contextual detail, had uncertain generalizability, and did not assess quality of existing services. PCAF staff conducting interviews may have biased responses, and language and socio-cultural barriers may have led to missed information. No formal ethical approval was sought because the information was not considered human subjects research, meaning participants did not share individual experiences and sensitive topics were likely avoided.
  • Evident from the text: convenience and purposive sampling, non-verbatim note-taking, and reliance on HIS categories and help-seeking data mean the assessment cannot estimate prevalence of mental disorders in Rhino Camp.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13031-016-0085-6

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

17 of 42 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Mental disorders in conflict-affected populations are associated with significant impairment in functioning and productivity.

    “Mental disorders in conflict-affected populations have been shown to be associated with significant impairment in functioning and productivity [6–8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [6] Makhashvili N, Chikovani I, McKee M, Bisson J, Patel V, Roberts B. Mental disorders and their association with disability among internally displaced persons and returnees in Georgia. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27(5):509–18. source

      The Results report significant associations between mental disorders and worse functional disability among displaced persons and returnees in Georgia. The Discussion links this disability to broader social and economic well-being, but the paper does not report an association with productivity specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [7] Tol WA, Komproe IH, Thapa SB, Jordans MJ, Sharma B, De Jong JT. Disability associated with psychiatric symptoms among torture survivors in rural Nepal. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(6):463–9. source
    • cites [8] Lahiri S, van Ommeren M, Roberts B. The influence of humanitarian crises on social functioning among civilians in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Glob Public Health. 2016;1–18. source

      The Results section reports a significant association between post-traumatic stress symptoms and functional impairment among adolescents affected by the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It also reports poorer social adjustment among displaced women with prolonged depression. These findings support the functioning part of the claim, but the paper does not report an association between mental disorders and reduced productivity. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Recent qualitative studies point to mental health problems as very broadly being viewed as 'madness' or 'sadness'.

    “Recent qualitative studies [25, 26] point to mental health problems as very broadly being viewed as ‘madness’ (severe mental disturbances associated with aggressive and bizarre behavior) or ‘sadness’ (difficulties associated with psychosocial causes such as loss, bereavement and deprivation).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Ventevogel P, Jordans M, Reis R, de Jong J. Madness or sadness? Local concepts of mental illness in four conflict-affected African communities. Confl Health. 2013;7(1):3. source
    • cites [26] Schafer A. The influences of basic needs, social support, and migration on mental health in South Sudan (PhD dissertation). Melbourne: Swinburne University of Technology; 2014.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Interpretationcitation

    There may be multiple reasons for the discrepancy between help-seeking data and epidemiological estimates, including help-seeking behavior, recognizability, and treatability and quality of care.

    “There may be multiple reasons for this discrepancy, including: help-seeking behavior (e.g., systematic differences in the types of problems for which refugees seek assistance for mental health concerns in health care centers); recognizability (e.g., the extent to which staff in health care centers identify different types of mental health concerns); treatability and quality of care (e.g., the”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Kane JC, Ventevogel P, Spiegel P, Bass JK, van Ommeren M, Tol WA. Mental, neurological, and substance use problems among refugees in primary health care: analysis of the Health Information System in 90 refugee camps. BMC Med. 2014;12:228. source
  • Premisecitation

    These social concerns are well-known risk factors for mental health and psychosocial wellbeing.

    “These social concerns are well-known risk factors for mental health and psychosocial wellbeing [37, 38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Li M, D'Arcy C, Meng X. Maltreatment in childhood substantially increases the risk of adult depression and anxiety in prospective cohort studies: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proportional attributable fractions. Psychol Med. 2015;28:1–14 [Epub ahead of print]. source

      The Introduction identifies childhood maltreatment as a contributor to depression and anxiety and a threat to relationships and other aspects of psychosocial development. It does not establish that social concerns generally are risk factors; support is limited to the specific concern of childhood maltreatment. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [38] Trevillion K, Oram S, Feder G, Howard LM. Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e51740. source

      The Results (Impact and Resource Use; page unavailable) report associations between domestic violence and substance misuse, suicidal ideation, and deprivation, supporting a link with mental health and aspects of wellbeing. But the Discussion (Key Findings; page unavailable) says there were insufficient data to establish causality, so describing these concerns as established risk factors overstates the paper's findings. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    A wide range of perceived causes of 'thinking too much' has been reported, including past adverse events and ongoing stressors such as economic and structural barriers to meeting basic needs.

    “A wide range of perceived causes has been reported, including past adverse events and ongoing stressors such as economic and structural barriers to meeting basic needs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kaiser BN, Haroz EE, Kohrt BA, Bolton PA, Bass JK, Hinton DE. "Thinking too much": A systematic review of a common idiom of distress. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:170–83. source
  • May combine two claims. 33
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 37

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some conflict-affected people develop mental health disorders and pre-existing mental illness may go untreated.

    “Although successful adaptation to adverse circumstances occurs for most people (e.g. through employing positive coping strategies to target stressors or their psychological consequences), others may develop mental health disorders and pre-existing mental illness may go untreated [4, 5].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Cherewick M, Kohli A, Remy MM, Murhula CM, Kurhorhwa AK, Mirindi AB, Bufole NM, Banywesize JH, Ntakwinja GM, Kindja GM et al. Coping among trauma-affected youth: a qualitative study. Confl Health. 2015;9:35. source

      The Background section (“Armed conflict and mental health of children”; page unavailable) reports increased PTSD, anxiety, and depression among conflict-affected children. It also says conflict can weaken health-care delivery, but does not say that pre-existing mental illness goes untreated. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [5] Siriwardhana C, Ali SS, Roberts B, Stewart R. A systematic review of resilience and mental health outcomes of conflict-driven adult forced migrants. Confl Health. 2014;8:13. source

      The Introduction links conflict-driven displacement to the development of depression, anxiety and PTSD, and the Results report high levels of mental disorders among affected populations. Our copy mentions pre-existing vulnerabilities and a need for treatment interventions, but does not say that pre-existing mental illness may go untreated. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Pre-existing neuropsychiatric disorders such as psychosis and epilepsy are important for mental health service planning for conflict-affected populations.

    “In addition, pre-existing neuropsychiatric disorders such as psychosis and epilepsy are important for mental health service planning for conflict-affected populations [12, 13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Kane JC, Ventevogel P, Spiegel P, Bass JK, van Ommeren M, Tol WA. Mental, neurological, and substance use problems among refugees in primary health care: analysis of the Health Information System in 90 refugee camps. BMC Med. 2014;12:228. source
    • cites [13] Tol WA, Rees SJ, Silove DM. Broadening the scope of epidemiology in conflict-affected settings: opportunities for mental health prevention and promotion. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2013;22(3):197–203. source

      The paper’s discussion of descriptive epidemiology (indexed as Abstract; page unavailable) says that disorder prevalence can inform mental-health priorities and resource allocation in conflict settings. It also urges attention beyond PTSD to neuropsychiatric disorders, including psychosis. The cited passages do not mention epilepsy or establish that these disorders were pre-existing. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A systematic review found that "thinking too much" is a common idiom of distress that has variable overlap with common mental disorders, but also suggests aspects of experience, distress, and social positioning not captured by psychiatric diagnoses.

    “For example, a systematic review found that “thinking too much” is a common idiom of distress that has variable overlap with common mental disorders, but also suggests aspects of experience, distress, and social positioning not captured by psychiatric diagnoses [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kaiser BN, Haroz EE, Kohrt BA, Bolton PA, Bass JK, Hinton DE. "Thinking too much": A systematic review of a common idiom of distress. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:170–83. source
      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    'Thinking too much' has been found to have overlap with common mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD, but should not be interpreted as a gloss for psychiatric disorder as it captures aspects of experience, distress, and social positioning not captured by psychiatric diagnoses.

    “It has been found to have overlap with common mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD, but should not be interpreted as a gloss for psychiatric disorder as it captures aspects of experience, distress, and social positioning not captured by psychiatric diagnoses [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kaiser BN, Haroz EE, Kohrt BA, Bolton PA, Bass JK, Hinton DE. "Thinking too much": A systematic review of a common idiom of distress. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:170–83. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A recent systematic review has focused on 'thinking too much' as an important idiom of distress in multiple populations.

    “a recent systematic review has focused on ‘thinking too much’ as an important idiom of distress in multiple populations [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kaiser BN, Haroz EE, Kohrt BA, Bolton PA, Bass JK, Hinton DE. "Thinking too much": A systematic review of a common idiom of distress. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:170–83. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The review's authors caution to equate 'thinking too much' with psychiatric disorders as classified in international diagnostic systems, given the potential for idioms of distress to range from non-pathological states to disordered states, their heterogeneous presentation, and for the idiom to communicate social ruptures and processes.

    “However, the review’s authors caution to equate “thinking too much” with psychiatric disorders as classified in international diagnostic systems, given the potential for idioms of distress to range from non-pathological states to disordered states, their heterogeneous presentation, and for the idiom to communicate social ruptures and processes [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kaiser BN, Haroz EE, Kohrt BA, Bolton PA, Bass JK, Hinton DE. "Thinking too much": A systematic review of a common idiom of distress. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:170–83. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A recent systematic review found that 'thinking too much' has often been compared to depression, anxiety, PTSD and psychological distress more broadly, but as a term is stigmatized less.

    “A recent systematic review found that “thinking too much” has often been compared to depression, anxiety, PTSD and psychological distress more broadly, but as a term is stigmatized less.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Kaiser BN, Haroz EE, Kohrt BA, Bolton PA, Bass JK, Hinton DE. "Thinking too much": A systematic review of a common idiom of distress. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:170–83. source

      Results, Aim 3 reports that “thinking too much” was frequently compared with depression, anxiety, PTSD, and general psychological distress. Results, Aim 4 says it was considered less stigmatizing than certain mental disorders in some settings, but was often stigmatized in others. The claim overgeneralizes the stigma finding. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The assessment aimed to find a balance between relevance and excellence, by reaching data saturation and triangulating information.

    “the assessment aimed to find a balance between relevance (i.e., ensuring timely collection of information with an eye on intervention planning) and excellence (i.e., ensuring that collected information has sufficient reliability and validity, for example by reaching data saturation and triangulating information), while trying to reduce demand on time of the displaced population [33].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Tol WA, Patel V, Tomlinson M, Baingana F, Galappatti A, Silove D, Sondorp E, van Ommeren M, Wessells MG, Panter-Brick C. Relevance or excellence? Setting research priorities for mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2012;20(1):25–36. source

      The Results (Perceived Obstacles; page unavailable) define relevance as research useful for immediate solutions and excellence as scientific validity. The Discussion calls for bridging that gap, but the paper does not say that the assessment reached data saturation, triangulated information, or sought to reduce demands on displaced people's time. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other concerns included family separation, drug abuse, poverty, and unaccompanied minors.

    “Other concerns included family separation, drug abuse, poverty, and unaccompanied minors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants’ rankings of problems reflect the actual priority mental health and psychosocial problems in the community.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Kiryandongo, for the six months February to July 2014, 9.6% of visits were for psychotic disorder, 2.4% for severe emotional disorder, and 3.6% for other psychological complaints.

    “Whereas for the six months data collected during February to July 2014 (and where the average population had grown considerably to an average of 24,973 per month), 9.6 % of the visits were for psychotic disorder, 2.4 % for severe emotional disorder and 3.6 % for other psychological.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The HIS categories accurately capture mental, neurological, and substance use problems in the refugee population.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    More focused mental health and psychosocial support has been provided by the Uganda Red Cross Society, Medical Teams International (MTI), and PCAF, including Red Cross psychological first aid between March and July 2014, MTI structured recreational activities and a psychosocial officer, and PCAF weekly outreaches through four lower level health centers with a multi-disciplinary team at Arua Referr

    “In addition, more focused mental health and psychosocial support has been provided by the Uganda Red Cross Society, Medical Teams International (MTI) and PCAF. The Red Cross provided psychological first aid between March and July 2014. MTI is providing structured recreational activities and has a psychosocial officer. PCAF conducts weekly outreaches through the four lower level health centers with”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Qualitative findings highlight the importance of 'overthinking'.

    “Qualitative findings highlight the importance of ‘overthinking’;”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Interview and focus group participants often indicated that lack of access to sufficient food, water, and shelter, infectious diseases, and lack of general health care services were pressing needs.

    “interview and focus group participants (characteristics described in Table 3) often indicated that a lack of access to sufficient food, water, and shelter in the settlement as well as infectious diseases and lack of general health care services were pressing needs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In Rhino Camp during January through July 2014, HIS data indicated that 4.2% of visits were for psychotic disorder, 16.7% for severe emotional disorder, and 25% of visits classified as other psychological.

    “In Rhino Camp during January through July 2014 (average population of 16,875 per month), HIS data indicated that 4.2 % of visits were for psychotic disorder, 16.7 % for severe emotional disorder, and 25 % of visits classified as other psychological [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Health Information System (HIS) Reference Manual [ http://www.unhcr.org/4a3114006.html ]. Accessed date 15 June 2016.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: The HIS categories accurately capture mental, neurological, and substance use problems in the refugee population.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    According to the 2014 annual patient data report, the Arua clinic treated increased to 389 patients, of which 314 (87%) were seen during community outreaches.

    “According to the 2014 annual patient data report, the Arua clinic treated increased to 389 patients, of which 314 (87 %) were seen during community outreaches.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Frequently mentioned concerns (but not part of the top three most highly prioritized concerns) included family separation, drug abuse, poverty, and unaccompanied minors.

    “frequently mentioned concerns (but not part of the top three most highly prioritized concerns) included: family separation; drug abuse; poverty; and unaccompanied minors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Clinic visits for psychotic disorders, severe emotional disorders, and 'other psychological complaints' increased following refugee influx, and patient data indicates an increase in burden of mental health problems.

    “Clinic visits for psychotic disorders, severe emotional disorders, and ‘other psychological complaints’ increased following refugee influx and patient data indicates an increase in burden of mental health problems”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants emphasized that the prioritized mental health and psychosocial problems affect refugees' daily life, as well as how families and the community function.

    “In group interviews participants emphasized that the prioritized mental health and psychosocial problems affect refugees’ daily life, as well as how families and the community function.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In 2013, the total number of clients seen was 339, of which 264 (78%) were seen during outreach visits.

    “In 2013, the total number of clients seen was 339, of which 264 (78 %) were seen during outreach visits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Kiryandongo, 4.8% of visits were for psychotic disorder, 1.4% for severe emotional disorder, and 0.7% for other psychological complaints over 35 months from March 2010 to January 2014.

    “In Kiryandongo (average population of 3,944 refugees), where data were collected over 35 months from March 2010 to January 2014, 4.8 % of visits were for psychotic disorder, 1.4 % for severe emotional disorder, and 0.7 % for other psychological complaints.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The HIS categories accurately capture mental, neurological, and substance use problems in the refugee population.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Other suggestions to combat problems such as drug abuse and child abuse focused on education and community sensitization.

    “Other suggestions to combat problems such as drug abuse and child abuse focused on education and community sensitization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Connectedness to a tribe, social support, seeking advice from elders and church leaders, and coming together to resolve community problems were reported as the main help-seeking behaviors.

    “Connectedness to a tribe, social support, seeking advice from elders and church leaders and coming together to resolve community problems were reported as the main help-seeking behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    There is limited information on the role of the formal social sector in providing psychosocial support to the target population.

    “There is also limited information on the role of the formal social sector in providing psychosocial support to the target population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A meta-analysis by Steel and colleagues found a point prevalence of 17.3% for depression and 15.4% for PTSD in a subset of the most rigorous studies among conflict-affected populations.

    “A meta-analysis by Steel and colleagues [9] of epidemiological studies among conflict-affected populations found a point prevalence of 17.3 % for depression and 15.4 % for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a subset of the most rigorous studies, suggesting that these are considerable problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Steel Z, Chey T, Silove DM, Marnane C, Bryant RA, van Ommeren M. Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement. JAMA. 2009;302(5):537–49. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings state that assessments should be part of the 'minimum response' to humanitarian crises.

    “The Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings [14], developed by a group of 27 United Nations and non-governmental organization (NGO) humanitarian agencies, state that assessments should be part of the ‘minimum response’ to humanitarian crises.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Inter-Agency Standing Committee [IASC]. IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. Geneva: IASC; 2007.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is consensus on the importance of mental health and psychosocial support needs and resource assessments.

    “There is consensus on the importance of mental health and psychosocial support needs and resource assessments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Inter-Agency Standing Committee [IASC]. IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. Geneva: IASC; 2007.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Most epidemiological studies with conflict-affected populations, and refugees in particular, are focused on symptoms of common mental disorders following exposure to potentially traumatic events, whereas a much wider range of mental health concerns affects refugees.

    “Second, most epidemiological studies with conflict-affected populations, and refugees in particular, are focused on symptoms of common mental disorders following exposure to potentially traumatic events, such as depression, PTSD, and anxiety, whereas it is acknowledged that a much wider range of mental health concerns affects refugees.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Another qualitative study among South Sudanese showed that they attributed the causes of mental illness to their life situation (such as lack of basic needs), thinking too much, being impatient, family situation, consequences of war, and health problems.

    “Another qualitative study among South Sudanese showed that they attributed the causes of mental illness to their life situation (such as lack of basic needs), thinking too much, being impatient, family situation, consequences of war, and health problems [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Schafer A. The influences of basic needs, social support, and migration on mental health in South Sudan (PhD dissertation). Melbourne: Swinburne University of Technology; 2014.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    All research procedures were conducted in line with the Helsinki declaration, but no protocol for formal ethical review was submitted because participants were not asked about their personal experiences and no risk in participation was anticipated.

    “All research procedures were conducted in line with the Helsinki declaration, but we did not submit a protocol for formal ethical review given that participants were not asked about their personal experiences but were asked in general about their opinions on priorities for mental health and psychosocial support interventions in Rhino Camp, and we did not anticipate any risk in participation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Anxiety associated with inadequate food distribution and the resulting hunger has important psychological consequences and is critical to take into account when developing MHPSS interventions.

    “the anxiety associated with inadequate food distribution and the resulting hunger can be seen as concerns with important psychological consequences and critical to take into account when developing MHPSS interventions [14].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Inter-Agency Standing Committee [IASC]. IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. Geneva: IASC; 2007.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The WHO-UNHCR toolkit recommends that assessments build on existing information, in order to avoid duplication of data collection, and to reduce the burden on assessment participants and wastage of valuable humanitarian resources.

    “The WHO-UNHCR toolkit recommends that assessments build on existing information, in order to avoid duplication of data collection, and to reduce the burden on assessment participants and wastage of valuable humanitarian resources [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] World Health Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Assessing mental health and psychosocial needs and resources: Toolkit for humanitarian settings. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2012.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The collected information was kept secure and all efforts were made to protect participants' anonymity.

    “The collected information was kept secure and all efforts were made to protect participants’ anonymity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Permission was sought from the Rhino Camp commander, UNHCR in Arua, the Ministry of Health District Health Officer of Arua, and the Chairperson of the Community Welfare Committee and zone leaders.

    “We did seek permission from the Rhino Camp commander (Office of the Prime Minister, Uganda); the UNHCR in Arua; the Ministry of Health District Health Officer of Arua; and the Chairperson of the Community Welfare Committee and zone leaders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The assessment applied methods from a WHO-UNHCR (2012) toolkit on mental health and psychosocial needs and resource assessments in humanitarian settings.

    “The assessment applied methods from a WHO-UNHCR (2012) toolkit on mental health and psychosocial needs and resource assessments in humanitarian settings [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] World Health Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Assessing mental health and psychosocial needs and resources: Toolkit for humanitarian settings. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2012.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    SGBV may be highly prevalent during earlier periods of displacement.

    “Attention should be paid to SGBV, which may be highly prevalent during earlier periods of displacement;”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The current crisis has had both important psychological impacts and social consequences for the South Sudanese refugees in Rhino Camp settlement.

    “It is clear that the current crisis has had both important psychological impacts as well as social consequences for the South Sudanese refugees in Rhino Camp settlement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All participants were informed about the nature of the interviews and asked for their written consent/assent to be interviewed.

    “All participants were informed about the nature of the interviews by the interviewers, and were asked for their written consent/assent to be interviewed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    MHPSS activity codes were assigned to each agency based on criteria developed by the IASC Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergencies.

    “We then assigned MHPSS activity codes to each agency based on criteria developed by the IASC Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergencies [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] World Health Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Assessing mental health and psychosocial needs and resources: Toolkit for humanitarian settings. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2012.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    We followed World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) guidelines for MHPSS needs assessments in humanitarian settings.

    “We followed World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) guidelines for MHPSS needs assessments in humanitarian settings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Findings on how participants perceive mental health and psychosocial problems echo more in-depth qualitative studies on South Sudanese refugees.

    “findings on how participants perceive mental health and psychosocial problems echo more in-depth qualitative studies on South Sudanese refugees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The problem of 'overthinking' or 'thinking too much' is repeatedly mentioned in qualitative studies.

    “The problem of ‘overthinking’ or ‘thinking too much’ is also repeatedly mentioned in qualitative studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Ethnic conflicts are likely a result of the ethnic strife that has accompanied the current fighting in South Sudan and has been brought into the displacement settings.

    “ethnic conflicts are likely a result of the ethnic strife that has accompanied the current fighting in South Sudan and has been brought into the displacement settings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Earlier qualitative research with southern Sudanese displaced populations notes the importance of 'thinking too much', and suggests that psychological distress may be considered as a problem in and of itself.

    “Earlier qualitative research with southern Sudanese displaced populations [27, 28] similarly notes the importance of ‘thinking too much’, and suggests that psychological distress may be considered as a problem in and of itself.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Goodman JH. Coping with trauma and hardship among unaccompanied refugee youths from Sudan. Qual Health Res. 2004;14(9):1177–96. source
    • cites [28] Coker EM. "Traveling pains": embodied metaphors of suffering among Southern Sudanese refugees in Cairo. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2004;28(1):15–39. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    It may be estimated that 15% to 20% of people experience mild or moderate common mental disorders and 3% to 4% experience severe mental disorders such as psychosis, severe depression, severely disabling form of anxiety disorder, PTSD.

    “15 % to 20 % may experience mild or moderate common mental disorders (for example mild and moderate forms of depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD); and 3 % to 4 % may experience severe mental disorders such as psychosis, severe depression, severely disabling form of anxiety disorder, PTSD) [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] World Health Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Assessing mental health and psychosocial needs and resources: Toolkit for humanitarian settings. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2012.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychiatric epidemiological research on populations displaced from South Sudan in previous conflicts suggested high prevalence of common mental disorders (depression, PTSD, anxiety), although the use of non-validated cut-off scores for the population may mean that psychological distress and mental disorders are conflated in these studies.

    “The psychiatric epidemiological research on populations displaced from South Sudan in previous conflicts suggested high prevalence of common mental disorders (depression, PTSD, anxiety), although the use of non-validated cut-off scores for the population may mean that psychological distress and mental disorders are conflated in these studies [24].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Tol WA, van Ommeren M. Evidence-based mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: gaps and opportunities. Evid Based Ment Health. 2012;15(2):25–6. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coker [28] found that southern Sudanese refugees in Egypt often discussed their illnesses in social or existential terms rather than in physical terms, and 'thinking too much' was a common factor in illness and was thought to 'fuel' their illnesses.

    “Coker [28] interviewed southern Sudanese refugees in Egypt and found that the refugees often discussed their illnesses in social or existential terms rather than in physical terms. “Thinking too much” was a common factor in illness and was thought to “fuel” their illnesses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Coker EM. "Traveling pains": embodied metaphors of suffering among Southern Sudanese refugees in Cairo. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2004;28(1):15–39. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    The idiom 'thinking too much' would seem a useful starting point in intervention development and health communication.

    “the idiom would seem a useful starting point in intervention development and health communication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Participants did not share individual experiences and personally sensitive topics were likely avoided.

    “participants did not share individual experiences and that personally sensitive topics were likely avoided.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The key informant and group interviews provide a feasible method for collection of information on perspectives with regard to MHPSS priorities, but they yield less contextual details and generalizability of the information is uncertain.

    “Although the key informant and group interviews provide a feasible method for collection of information on perspectives with regard to MHPSS priorities, they yields less contextual details and generalizability of the information is uncertain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    By following a WHO-UNHCR toolkit, the assessment methodology allowed for efficient data collection, combining existing and primary information that can serve as the foundation for MHPSS activity recommendations, while minimizing the burden on participants.

    “By following a WHO-UNHCR toolkit [15], we feel the assessment methodology allowed for efficient data collection, combining existing and primary information that can serve as the foundation for MHPSS activity recommendations, while minimizing the burden on participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] World Health Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Assessing mental health and psychosocial needs and resources: Toolkit for humanitarian settings. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2012.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is challenging to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in Rhino Camp, but there is likely a large group of people with mental concerns that impair their functioning who do not present to the health care system.

    “Overall, it is challenging to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in Rhino Camp, but there is likely a large group of people with mental concerns that impair their functioning who do not present to the health care system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Language and socio-cultural barriers may have led to some information being missed.

    “language and socio-cultural barriers may have led to some information being missed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The fact that PCAF staff conducted the interviews could have biased some responses.

    “The fact that PCAF staff conducted the interviews could have biased some responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A range of services to address these diverse needs at different levels appears warranted.

    “In conclusion, a range of services to address these diverse needs at different levels appears warranted.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    We were unable to assess the quality of services provided by the few existing services at the camps.

    “we were unable to assess the quality of services provided by the few existing services at the camps.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    We did not seek ethical approval for the primary data collection, because we did not consider the collected information to be human subjects research.

    “we did not seek ethical approval for the primary data collection, because we did not consider the collected information to be human subjects research”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    One qualitative study among the South Sudanese showed that participants listed social support, practical support such as help in accessing basic needs, medical care, prayer and traditional treatments, no treatment, and government solutions as ways individuals should receive treatment for mental illness.

    “Regarding how individuals should receive treatment for mental illness, one qualitative study among the South Sudanese showed that participants listed social support, practical support such as help in accessing basic needs, medical care, prayer and traditional treatments, no treatment (e.g. belief that some conditions are not treatable), and government solutions (e.g. government should care for”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Schafer A. The influences of basic needs, social support, and migration on mental health in South Sudan (PhD dissertation). Melbourne: Swinburne University of Technology; 2014.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

57 of 57

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The HIS categories accurately capture mental, neurological, and substance use problems in the refugee population.

    “The HIS is a surveillance system within the refugee camps that captures the number of visits to primary care centers for the following types of mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders: epilepsy, alcohol/substance, mental retardation, psychotic disorder, severe emotional disorder (i.e., severe symptoms of sadness and anxiety associated with marked impairment in functioning), somatic”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 4Ws assessment captured all MHPSS services available in Rhino Camp.

    “We contacted each of the agencies engaged in MHPSS activities in Rhino Camp to learn more about what their specific objectives and outreach efforts were, where those efforts were concentrated, and for how long the activities were planned to continue.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants’ rankings of problems reflect the actual priority mental health and psychosocial problems in the community.

    “We asked the focus group participants to rank the selected mental health and psychosocial problems in terms of their priority.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Ugandan government's settlement policy is generous.

    “despite the generous settlement policy of the Ugandan government.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Integrating traditional practices and community support is crucial in their adaptive processes and effective coping, and emphasizes the importance of culturally relevant interventions in the mental health care of South Sudanese refugees.

    “Integrating traditional practices and community support is crucial in their adaptive processes and effective coping, and emphasizes the importance of culturally relevant interventions in the mental health care of South Sudanese refugees (Adaku 2016;Eltayeb 2017;Maconick 2020).”

    From Exploring trauma and resilience of Urban South Sudanese refugees in Sudan (2024) · cites this paper as Adaku 2016

    The Results and discussion (Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions; page unavailable) identify social support, elders, church leaders, and community problem-solving as coping strategies. The Conclusions recommend strengthening community and family supports. Traditional treatments appear only among options reported in a prior qualitative study; this assessment does not establish that integrating them is crucial to effective coping or recommend their integration into mental health care. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The mental health needs of displaced populations in Uganda have been described as dire and largely unmet, and mental health interventions are a steady part of the humanitarian response.

    “In this context, the mental health needs of the displaced populations in Uganda have been described as dire and largely unmet (Adaku et al. 2016: Tankink et al. 2023), and mental health interventions are a steady part of the humanitarian response.”

    From Throwing therapy at the problem mental health and humanitarian intervention in Palabek refugee settlement, northern Uganda (2023) · cites this paper as Adaku et al. 2016

    The Abstract Conclusions report a considerable burden and few available services, supporting the description of substantial, largely unmet needs. But the assessment concerns South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda, not displaced populations across Uganda generally. The citation is attached to the needs clause, not the subsequent statement about interventions being a steady part of the humanitarian response. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Self-Help Plus was deemed a good fit for this setting after an initial needs assessment indicated the ubiquity of overthinking, a local idiom of psychological distress and an explicit target of ACT.

    “Self-Help Plus was deemed a good fit for this setting after an initial needs assessment indicated the ubiquity of overthinking, 32 a local idiom of psychological distress and an explicit target of ACT.”

    From Guided self-help to reduce psychological distress in South Sudanese female refugees in Uganda: A cluster randomised trial (2020) · cites this paper as [32]

  • Prior research has documented sexual and gender-based violence as a problem affecting South Sudanese refugees in Uganda.

    “Studies have documented sexual and gender-based violence as an issue among South Sudanese refugees in Uganda (e.g.Adaku et al., 2016;Athumani, 2017;Liebling et al., 2020;Nagai et al., 2008), but no research has explored this issue in relation to Uganda's refugee policy.”

    From Sexual and gender-based violence against South Sudanese refugees in Uganda: a mixed-methods study (2025) · cites this paper as Adaku et al., 2016

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • HIS collection period does not match stated duration

    Minor

    March 2010 through January 2014 covers 47 calendar months, not 35 months.

  • PCAF outreach frequency differs between sections

    Minor

    The paper describes PCAF's visits to Rhino Camp as bi-weekly in one section but its outreaches as weekly in another.

  • 2014 outreach percentage does not match patient counts

    Minor

    Of 389 patients, 314 is approximately 80.7%, not 87%.

    Reported 87 · recomputed 80.719794

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 36 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. World Health Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Assessing mental health and psychosocial needs and resources: Toolkit for humanitarian settings. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2012.
  2. Refugees UNHCf. UNHCR Fact Sheet South Sudan - August 2015. Geneva: UNHCR; 2015.
  3. Ginyera-Pinycwa A. Uganda and the problem of refugees. Kampala: Makerere University Press; 1998.
  4. Schafer A. The influences of basic needs, social support, and migration on mental health in South Sudan (PhD dissertation). Melbourne: Swinburne University of Technology; 2014.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Adaku, A., Okello, J., Lowry, B., Kane, J. C., Alderman, S., Musisi, S., & Tol, W. A.
Affiliations
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Makerere University (UG)
Corresponding author
Tol, Wietse A.
ORCID
Venue
Conflict and Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-09-07
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
18-18
ISSN
1752-1505 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13031-016-0085-6
PMC
PMC5013642
OpenAlex
W2461009573
Cited by
66
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2
FWCI
7.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Conflict and Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Peter C. Alderman Foundation
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Social Sciences › Health › Migration, Racism, and Human Rights
Keywords
mental health and psychosocial support, South Sudanese refugees, refugee mental health, needs assessment, help-seeking, psychosis, ethnic conflict, child abuse

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review