Mental Disorders and Their Association With Disability Among Internally Displaced Persons and Returnees in Georgia
Open accessAbstract
There remains limited evidence on comorbidity of mental disorders among conflict‐affected civilians, particularly internally displaced persons (IDPs) and former IDPs who have returned to their home areas (returnees). The study aim was to compare patterns of mental disorders and their influence on disability between IDPs and returnees in the Republic of Georgia. A cross‐sectional household survey was conducted with adult IDPs from the conflicts in the 1990s, the 2008 conflict, and returnees. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and disability were measured using cut scores on Trauma Screening Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7, and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Among the 3,025 respondents, the probable prevalence of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and comorbidity (>1 condition) was 23.3%, 14.0%, 10.4%, 12.4%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients (p < .001) were .40 (PTSD with depression), .38 (PTSD with anxiety), and .52 (depression with anxiety). Characteristics associated with mental disorders in regression analyses included displacement (particularly longer‐term), cumulative trauma exposure, female gender, older age, poor community conditions, and bad household economic situation; coefficients ranged from 1.50 to 3.79. PTSD, depression, anxiety, and comorbidity were associated with increases in disability of 6.4%, 9.7%, 6.3%, and 15.9%, respectively. A high burden of psychiatric symptoms and disability persist among conflict‐affected persons in Georgia.
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Mental disorders in conflict-affected populations are associated with significant impairment in functioning and productivity.
“Mental disorders in conflict-affected populations have been shown to be associated with significant impairment in functioning and productivity [6–8].”
From Mental health and psychosocial support for South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda: a needs and resource assessment (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
The Results report significant associations between mental disorders and worse functional disability among displaced persons and returnees in Georgia. The Discussion links this disability to broader social and economic well-being, but the paper does not report an association with productivity specifically. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Makhashvili, N., Chikovani, I., McKee, M., Bisson, J., Patel, V., & Roberts, B.
- Affiliations
- Ilia State University (GE)
- Curatio International Foundation (GE)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Roberts, Bayard
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 509-518
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- PMC
- PMC4496794
- OpenAlex
- W1614628822
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (093562/Z/10/Z)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Conflict Studies
- Keywords
- internally displaced persons, returnees, mental illness, disability, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, comorbidities, cumulative trauma, 1990s conflicts, family economic hardship, community conditions, Georgia
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Disability Evaluation, Female, Georgia (Republic), Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Refugees, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Time Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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