CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 111Algal biology and biofuel productionAquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton DynamicsMicrobial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 133 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Biotechnologies for bulk production of microalgal biomass: from mass cultivation to dried biomass acquisition

Open access
Qin, Song, Wang, Kang, Gao, Fengzheng, Ge, Baosheng, Cui, Hongli, Li, Wenjun·2023·Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts
DOI 10.1186/s13068-023-02382-4PMC PMC10466707
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Microalgal biomass represents a sustainable bioresource for various applications, such as food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, feed, and other bio-based products. For decades, its mass production has attracted widespread attention and interest. The process of microalgal biomass production involves several techniques, mainly cultivation, harvesting, drying, and pollution control. These techniques are often designed and optimized to meet optimal growth conditions for microalgae and to produce high-quality biomass at acceptable cost. Importantly, mass production techniques are important for producing a commercial product in sufficient amounts. However, it should not be overlooked that microalgal biotechnology still faces challenges, in particular the high cost of production, the lack of knowledge about biological contaminants and the challenge of loss of active ingredients during biomass production. These issues involve the research and development of low-cost, standardized, industrial-scale production equipment and the optimization of production processes, as well as the urgent need to increase the research on biological contaminants and microalgal active ingredients. This review systematically examines the global development of microalgal biotechnology for biomass production, with emphasis on the techniques of cultivation, harvesting, drying and control of biological contaminants, and discusses the challenges and strategies to further improve quality and reduce costs. Moreover, the current status of biomass production of some biotechnologically important species has been summarized, and the importance of improving microalgae-related standards for their commercial applications is noted.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13068-023-02382-4

Cites

132 of 132 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig. 1 Milestones in microalgal biotechnology and large-scale cultivation: from natural resources to industrial biomass production and diverse applications
Fig. 1 Milestones in microalgal biotechnology and large-scale cultivation: from natural resources to industrial biomass production and diverse applicationsCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of microalgal biomass production. Microalgae are grown in a cultivation unit in an aqueous mineral medium under illumination, and nutrient and carbon source (CO2, acetate or glucose) supply; subsequently, the biomass is separated from the medium (harvesting) and drying for further application
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of microalgal biomass production. Microalgae are grown in a cultivation unit in an aqueous mineral medium under illumination, and nutrient and carbon source (CO2, acetate or glucose) supply; subsequently, the biomass is separated from the medium (harvesting) and drying for further applicationCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Comprehensive evaluation of optimal harvesting techniques for different applications. a Order of suitability of harvesting techniques for various criterions; b order of the most important criterions should be considered for various applications; c order for suitability of harvesting techniques for various applications
Fig. 3 Comprehensive evaluation of optimal harvesting techniques for different applications. a Order of suitability of harvesting techniques for various criterions; b order of the most important criterions should be considered for various applications; c order for suitability of harvesting techniques for various applicationsCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Processes of microalgae harvesting and drying for different end products
Fig. 4 Processes of microalgae harvesting and drying for different end productsCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Examples of various biomass production systems for cultivation of commercial microalgae. a, b cultivation facilities (open raceways in greenhouse) of Arthrospira in Erdos (China); c circular ponds for Chlorella cultivation (Sun Chlorella, Japan); d heterotrophic culture facilities for Chlorella; e cultivation of D. salina at Cargill lakes in San Francisco Bay (USA); f D. salina cultivation using open raceway ponds by NBT Co., Ltd. (Eilat, Israel); g open raceways in greenhouse for H. pluvialis cultivation by Green-A (Yunnan, China); h tubular photobioreactors used for H. pluvialis cultivation by Algatech (Israel); i E. gracilis cultivation using circular ponds by Euglena Co., Ltd. (Japan); j a demonstration site for the indoor cultivation of N. sphaeroides in Plateau algal Research Center (China)
Fig. 5 Examples of various biomass production systems for cultivation of commercial microalgae. a, b cultivation facilities (open raceways in greenhouse) of Arthrospira in Erdos (China); c circular ponds for Chlorella cultivation (Sun Chlorella, Japan); d heterotrophic culture facilities for Chlorella; e cultivation of D. salina at Cargill lakes in San Francisco Bay (USA); f D. salina cultivation using open raceway ponds by NBT Co., Ltd. (Eilat, Israel); g open raceways in greenhouse for H. pluvialis cultivation by Green-A (Yunnan, China); h tubular photobioreactors used for H. pluvialis cultivation by Algatech (Israel); i E. gracilis cultivation using circular ponds by Euglena Co., Ltd. (Japan); j a demonstration site for the indoor cultivation of N. sphaeroides in Plateau algal Research Center (China)CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 133 references

Research works printed but not linked: 16

  1. Ponnuswamy I, Madhavan S, Shabudeen S. Isolation and characterization of green microalgae for carbon sequestration, waste water treatment and bio-fuel production. Int J Bio-Sci Bio-Technol. 2013;5(2):17–26.
  2. Gummert F, Meffert M-E, Stratmann H. Nonsterile large-scale culture of Chlorella in greenhouse and open air. In: Burlew JS, editor. Algal culture from laboratory to pilot plant. Washington: Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication; 1953. p. 166–76.
  3. Soong P. Production and development of Chlorella and Spirulina in Taiwan. In: Shelef G, Soeder C, editors. Algae biomass. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press; 1980. p. 9–20.
  4. Pirie NW. The Spirulina algae. In: Pirie NW, editor. Food protein sources. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1975. p. 33–9.
  5. Hu I-C. Production of potential coproducts from microalgae. In: Pandey A, Chang J-S, Soccol CR, Lee D-J, Chisti Y, editors. Biofuels from algae. New York: Elsevier; 2019. p. 345–58.
  6. Gao FZ, Ge BS, Xiang WZ, Qin S. Development of microalgal industries in the past 60 years due to biotechnological research in China: a review. Sci Sin Vitae. 2020;51:26–39.
  7. Behera B, Unpaprom Y, Ramaraj R, Maniam BP, Govindan N, Paramasivan B. Integrated biomolecular and bioprocess engineering strategies for enhancing the lipid yield from microalgae. Renew Sust Energy Rev. 2022;148: 111270.
  8. Tamiya H, Hase E, Shibata K, Mituya A, Iwamura T, Nihei T, et al. Kinetics of growth of Chlorella, with special reference to its dependence on quantity of available light and on temperature. In: Burlew JS, editor., et al., Algal culture from laboratory to pilot plant. Washington: Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication; 1953. p. 204–32.
  9. Milledge JJ, Heaven S. Disc stack centrifugation separation and cell disruption of microalgae: a technical note. Environ Nat Resour Res. 2011;1(1):17–24.
  10. Al Hattab M, Ghaly A, Hammouda A. Microalgae harvesting methods for industrial production of biodiesel: critical review and comparative analysis. J Fundam Renew Energy Appl. 2015;5(2):1000154.
  11. Min C, Kim JE, Shon HK, Kim S-H. Low energy resonance vibration submerged membrane system for microalgae harvesting: performance and feasibility. Desalination. 2022;539: 115895.
  12. Morowvat MH, Ghasemi Y. Spray-drying microencapsulation of β-carotene contents in powdered Dunaliella salina biomass. Int J Pharm Clin Res. 2016;8(11):1533–6.
  13. Yang BJ, Xiang WZ, Jin XJ, Chen ZS, Wang L, Wu HB. Isolation and identification of an algicidal bacterium CBA02 and its algae-lysing characteristics. Biotechnol Bull. 2020;36(11):55.
  14. Wang M, Yuan W. Bacterial lysis of microalgal cells. J Sustain Bioenergy Syst. 2014;4(04):52205.
  15. Wang M, Chen S, Zhou W, Yuan W, Wang D. Algal cell lysis by bacteria: a review and comparison to conventional methods. Algal Res. 2020;46: 101794.
  16. Becher EW. Microalgae biotechnology microbiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Qin, S., Wang, K., Gao, F., Ge, B., Cui, H., & Li, W.
Affiliations
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • China University of Petroleum, East China (CN)
Corresponding author
Qin, Song
ORCID
Venue
Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-08-29
Volume
16
Issue
1
Pages
131-131
ISSN
2731-3654 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13068-023-02382-4
PMC
PMC10466707
OpenAlex
W4386245486
Cited by
111
References
133
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 2
FWCI
1.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Knowledge Repository of Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS (Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research) (submittedVersion)
  • Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • ETH Zürich Research Collection
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42061134020)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
Keywords
microalgal biomass, microalgae cultivation, microalgae harvesting, biomass drying, biological contaminants, production cost reduction, bioproducts

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review