Sustainable Microalgal Biomass for Efficient and Scalable Green Energy Solutions: Fueling Tomorrow
Open accessAbstract
The urgent need to address environmental issues associated with the use of conventional fossil fuels has driven the rapid evolution of the global energy landscape. This review explores the background and significance of 3-G biofuel production, emphasizing the shift towards sustainable alternatives amidst escalating greenhouse gas emissions. While various renewable energy sources have gained prominence, biofuels have emerged as a promising solution for the transportation and industrial sectors, particularly from microalgal biomass. The rationale for focusing on microalgal biomass is based on its technical and environmental advantages. Unlike traditional feedstocks, microalgae boast a high lipid content, enhancing biofuel production efficiency. Their rapid growth rates and efficient carbon dioxide sequestration make microalgae frontrunners in scalable and sustainable biofuel production. This review aims to comprehensively analyze recent breakthroughs in 3-G biofuel production from microalgal biomass, filling gaps in the existing literature. The topics covered included species diversity, cultivation techniques, harvesting, pretreatment, lipid extraction methods, and biofuel production pathways. Genetic engineering, downstream processing, energy-efficient practices, and emerging trends, such as artificial intelligence and cross-disciplinary collaboration, will be explored. This study aims to consolidate recent research findings, identify challenges and opportunities, and guide future directions in microalgal biomass-based biofuel production. By synthesizing unpublished research, this review seeks to advance our knowledge and provide insights for researchers to foster sustainable and efficient 3-G biofuel production.
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Microalgae have high biomass productivity and, unlike terrestrial crops, are capable of continuous solar energy conversion, achieving high biomass yields per unit area.
“Unlike terrestrial crops, which are constrained by seasonal growth cycles, microalgae are capable of continuous solar energy conversion, achieving high biomass yields per unit area [111,112].”
From Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion (2025) · cites this paper as [112]
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Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion
Guil-Guerrero, J. L., & Prates, J. A. M. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14122122 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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The Advancement of Microalgal Cultivation Technology: Current Trends and Future Prospectives
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Introduction to Algal Bioengineering and Microbial Synergy
Sharma, S., & Sharma, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8054-2_1
Application of Algal Biotechnology in Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Sudha, M. P., Priyadarsini, S., Gacem, A., Bala, K., Alreshidi, M. A., Yadav, K. K., & Das, A. P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05950-5_4
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Nutritional and Functional Applications of Algae in Sustainable Food Systems
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Technology integration potential of microalgae in sustainable biorefinery
Mowrin, S. T., Islam, A. S., Sunnah, M. M., Shehab, A. U., Rahman, A., & Yousuf, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26623-2.00007-7
Production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in Scenedesmus acutus using a low-cost substrate
Valdez-Calderón, A., López-Gómez, S., Espinosa-Roa, A., González-Pérez, B. K., González-Reyes, J. R., & Gayosso-Morales, M. A. (2026) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-026-05108-4
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- Authors
- Rathinavel, L., Singh, S., Rai, P. K., Chandra, N., Jothinathan, D., Gaffar, I., Pandey, A. K., Choure, K., Waoo, A. A., Joo, J. C., & Pandey, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Calicut (IN)
- GLA University (IN)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, AKS University, Satna 485001, India
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IN)
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology (IN)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
- Durban University of Technology (ZA)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Joo, Jeong Chan
- Pandey, Ashutosh
- ORCID
- Venue
- Fuels
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-12-03
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 868-894
- ISSN
- 2673-3994 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4405071966
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF KOREA (NRF-2022R1A2C2003138, 2022M3J1A1085376, 2021R1A2C2011669, NRF-2022M3I3A1082545, 00467186)
- R&D Program of MOTIE/KEIT (NRF-2022R1A2C2003138, 2022M3J1A1085376, 2021R1A2C2011669, NRF-2022M3I3A1082545, 00467186)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Keywords
- microalgae, third-generation biofuels, microalgal biomass, lipid extraction, microalgae cultivation, microalgae harvesting, pretreatment, genetic engineering of microalgae, downstream processing, CO2 sequestration, sustainable energy
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