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Cited by 46Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

Plasma apolipoprotein E levels in longitudinally followed patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease

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Giannisis, Andreas, Al-Grety, Asma, Carlsson, Henrik, Patra, Kalicharan, Twohig, Daniel, Sando, Sigrid Botne, Lauridsen, Camilla, Berge, Guro +5 more·2022·Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
DOI 10.1186/s13195-022-01058-9PMC PMC9400269
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Abstract

Background: Low levels of plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) and presence of the APOE ε4 allele are associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the increased risk of AD in APOE ε4-carriers is well-established, the protein levels have received limited attention. Methods: We here report the total plasma apoE and apoE isoform levels at baseline from a longitudinally (24 months) followed cohort including controls ( n = 39), patients with stable amnestic mild cognitive impairment during 24 months follow up (MCI-MCI, n = 30), patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) that during follow-up were clinically diagnosed with AD with dementia (ADD) (MCI-ADD, n = 28), and patients with AD with dementia (ADD) at baseline (ADD, n = 28). We furthermore assessed associations between plasma apoE levels with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and α-synuclein, as well as both CSF and plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL), YKL-40 and kallikrein 6. Results: Irrespective of clinical diagnosis, the highest versus the lowest apoE levels were found in APOE ε2/ε3 versus APOE ε4/ε4 subjects, with the most prominent differences exhibited in females. Total plasma apoE levels were 32% and 21% higher in the controls versus MCI-ADD and ADD patients, respectively. Interestingly, MCI-ADD patients exhibited a 30% reduction in plasma apoE compared to MCI-MCI patients. This decrease appeared to be associated with brain amyloid-β (Aβ 42 ) pathology regardless of disease status as assessed using the Amyloid, Tau, and Neurodegeneration (A/T/N) classification. In addition to the association between low plasma apoE and low levels of CSF Aβ 42 , lower apoE levels were also related to higher levels of CSF total tau (t-tau) and tau phosphorylated at Threonine 181 residue (p-tau) and NfL as well as a worse performance on the mini-mental-state-examination. In MCI-ADD patients, low levels of plasma apoE were associated with higher levels of CSF α-synuclein and kallikrein 6. No significant correlations between plasma apoE and the astrocytic inflammatory marker YKL40 were observed. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate important associations between low plasma apoE levels, Aβ pathology, and progression from aMCI to a clinical ADD diagnosis.

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Cited by

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Authors
Giannisis, A., Al-Grety, A., Carlsson, H., Patra, K., Twohig, D., Sando, S. B., Lauridsen, C., Berge, G., Grøntvedt, G. R., Bråthen, G., White, L. R., Kultima, K., & Nielsen, H. M.
Affiliations
  • Stockholm University (SE)
  • Uppsala University (SE)
  • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
  • St Olav's University Hospital (NO)
Corresponding author
Nielsen, Henrietta M.
ORCID
Venue
Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-08-24
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
115-115
ISSN
1758-9193 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13195-022-01058-9
PMC
PMC9400269
OpenAlex
W4293103435
Cited by
46
References
16
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 1
FWCI
6.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Alzheimer s Research & Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • BrightFocus Foundation (A2019446S)
  • Demensfonden
  • Stockholm University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
apolipoprotein E, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, APOE ε4, amyloid-beta 42, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, tau phosphorylation, neurofilament light chain, alpha-synuclein, kallikrein 6, YKL-40, disease progression, sex differences
MeSH terms
Alzheimer Disease, Apolipoproteins E, Female, Humans, Kallikreins, Peptide Fragments, Biomarkers, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins, alpha-Synuclein, Apolipoprotein E3, Apolipoprotein E4, Cognitive Dysfunction

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