Total apolipoprotein E levels and specific isoform composition in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from Alzheimer’s disease patients and controls
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 allele is the strongest risk factor of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the fluid concentrations of ApoE and its different isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4) in AD patients and among APOE genotypes (APOE ε2, ε3, ε4) remain controversial. Using a novel mass spectrometry-based method, we quantified total ApoE and specific ApoE isoform concentrations and potential associations with age, cognitive status, cholesterol levels and established AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients versus non-AD individuals with different APOE genotypes. We also investigated plasma total ApoE and ApoE isoform composition in a subset of these individuals. In total n = 43 AD and n = 43 non-AD subjects were included. We found that CSF and plasma total ApoE levels did not correlate with age or cognitive status and did not differ between AD and non-AD subjects deeming ApoE as an unfit diagnostic marker for AD. Also, whereas CSF ApoE levels did not vary between APOE genotypes APOE ε4 carriers exhibited significantly decreased plasma ApoE levels attributed to a specific decrease in the ApoE4 isoform concentrations. CSF total ApoE concentrations were positively associated with CSF, total tau, tau phosphorylated at Thr181 and Aβ1-42 of which the latter association was weaker and only present in APOE ε4 carriers indicating a differential involvement of ApoE in tau versus Aβ-linked neuropathological processes. Future studies need to elucidate whether the observed plasma ApoE4 deficiency is a life-long condition in APOE ɛ4 carriers and whether this decrease in plasma ApoE predisposes APOE ɛ4 carriers to AD.
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These findings closely mirror observations from human studies, underscoring the validity and translatability of these rat models.
“While further investigation into these mechanisms is warranted, these findings closely mirror observations from human studies, underscoring the validity and translatability of these rat models [58, 70, 71].”
There is no or very low correlation between plasma and CSF ApoE levels.
“there is no or very low correlation between plasma and CSF ApoE levels [10,11].”
From Apolipoprotein E metabolism and functions in brain and its role in Alzheimer's disease (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
Previous reports indicated reduced plasma ApoE concentrations in ε4 carriers.
“consistent with previous reports indicating reduced plasma ApoE concentrations in ε4 carriers [17, 18]”
From Plasma ApoE proteotyping for ApoE ε4 stratification in the anti-amyloid therapies era (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Both mass-spectrometry-based and immunoassay-based approaches have shown that plasma ApoE isoform quantification can discriminate ε4 carriers from non-carriers with high accuracy.
“Both mass-spectrometry-based and immunoassay-based approaches have shown that plasma ApoE isoform quantification can discriminate ε4 carriers from non-carriers with high accuracy [16–18].”
From Plasma ApoE proteotyping for ApoE ε4 stratification in the anti-amyloid therapies era (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Martínez-Morillo, E., Hansson, O., Atagi, Y., Bu, G., Minthon, L., Diamandis, E. P., & Nielsen, H. M.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Nielsen, Henrietta M.
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2014-03-15
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 633-643
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- OpenAlex
- W1983258394
- Semantic Scholar
- 188ba5f75d24d8653f313af00747607ca99b1fd7
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 8.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lunds Universitet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- apolipoprotein E, APOE isoforms, Alzheimer's disease, APOE ε4 carriers, cerebrospinal fluid, amyloid-beta 42, diagnostic biomarkers, APOE genotype
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Apolipoproteins E, Cholesterol, Cognition, Female, Genotype, Heterozygote, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Peptide Fragments, Phosphorylation, Biomarkers, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins, Apolipoprotein E3, Apolipoprotein E4, Apolipoprotein E2
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