Trends in childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms: Results from Swedish population based twin cohorts
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Previous research has noted trends of increasing internalizing problems (e.g., symptoms of depression and anxiety), particularly amongst adolescent girls. Cross-cohort comparisons using identical assessments of both anxiety and depression in youth are lacking, however. METHODS: In this large twin study, we examined trends in internalizing symptoms in samples of 9 year old children and 15 year old adolescents, gathered from successive birth cohorts from 1998 to 2008 (age 9) and 1994-2001 (age 15). Assessments at age 9 were parent-rated, and at age 15 self- and parent-rated. We examined (i) the relation between birth cohorts and internalizing symptoms using linear regressions, and (ii) whether percentages of participants exceeding scale cut-off scores changed over time, using Cochrane Armitage Trend Tests. RESULTS: Among 9 year old children, a significantly increasing percentage of participants (both boys and girls) had scores above cut-off on anxiety symptoms, but not on depressive symptoms. At age 15, a significantly increasing percentage of participants (both boys and girls) had scores above cut-off particularly on self-reported internalizing symptoms. On parent-reported internalizing symptoms, only girls demonstrated a corresponding trend. CONCLUSION: In line with previous studies, we found small changes over sequential birth cohorts in frequencies of depression and anxiety symptoms in children. Further, these changes were not exclusive to girls.
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Internalizing disorders typically develop throughout childhood and adolescence.
“because internalizing disorders typically develop throughout childhood and adolescence [31, 32]”
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- Authors
- Durbeej, N., Sörman, K., Norén Selinus, E., Lundström, S., Lichtenstein, P., Hellner, C., & Halldner, L.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Halldner, Linda
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Psychology
- Published
- 2019-08-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-50
- ISSN
- 2050-7283 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6679471
- OpenAlex
- W2966406678
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- internalizing problems, childhood anxiety, adolescent depression, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, birth cohort trends, gender differences, self-reported symptoms, parent-reported symptoms, twin cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Child, Defense Mechanisms, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Sweden, Cohort Studies
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